The study's authors examined the "last mile" of agricultural automation, what happens when technology meets real-world conditions on a farm. They conducted in-depth interviews with over 165 workers and growers to gain insight into how automation affects labor forces.

According to lead author M. Anne Visser, professor of community and regional development at UC Davis, automation is not something that simply arrives on a farm or affects a labor force by default. Rather, it requires active effort from people to implement and adapt technology to specific conditions.

The researchers discovered that every orchard has its unique characteristics, making it essential for technology to be tailored to each location. This often involves human knowledge about the land, crops, or even local weather patterns, insights that machines may struggle to replicate.

As a result, Visser noted that no matter how advanced AI-enabled machines become, they will likely never match the embedded place-based knowledge of humans working on a farm.

Farm automation technologies, such as tractors equipped with digital cameras, are being touted as game-changers in agriculture. These machines can travel down orchard rows, scanning trees to count buds and fruit, and provide yield estimates. However, researchers have found that these tools often overestimate yields and require human interpretation.

One farm manager, with extensive experience on the farm, took the camera's counts and adjusted them downward by 14%. This adjustment was based on historical knowledge of block performance and recent weather events, which proved to be more accurate than the camera's estimates. This highlights the need for people to interpret data from automated tools and adapt it to specific field conditions.

Despite the advancements in automation technology, farm workers are still essential to troubleshoot problems and bridge the gap between how a tool was designed to work and how farming actually works. Autonomous harvesters, another example of automation, struggle to match human knowledge when it comes to picking fruit.

The integration of new technologies into farm production systems requires human expertise. Growers and workers often need to adjust and adapt these tools to suit their specific needs. This means that while automation may change the tasks performed on farms, it does not necessarily replace jobs entirely.

The shift towards automation in agriculture is complex, with many factors at play. It's clear that technology alone cannot solve all the challenges faced by farmers, and human involvement remains crucial in optimizing yields and ensuring success.

The complexities of automating farm operations have been a subject of debate, particularly when it comes to fresh-market specialty crops like fruits and vegetables. These crops require not only high yields but also quality produce, making them more challenging to automate than row crops such as corn or soybeans.

Orchards, which are typically multiyear investments, cannot be easily switched out in a single season, adding another layer of complexity to the automation process. However, technology can still play a role in improving efficiency and occupational health for farmers, even if they are not fully automating their operations.

The focus on displacing workers has been criticized as narrow-minded, obscuring opportunities for policy development, workforce training, and job creation in rural areas. By shifting the conversation to these broader issues, researchers hope to advance a more nuanced understanding of agricultural automation's impact on labor forces.

Ultimately, this research aims to foster a more constructive dialogue about the role of technology in agriculture, one that prioritizes collaboration over division and recognizes the value of human expertise in optimizing farm operations.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-assumption-farm-automation-wrong.html

Skerritt was a well-known figure in Hollywood, having played iconic roles such as the doomed captain in the 1979 sci-fi horror film "Alien and a tough flight instructor in the 1986 blockbuster Top Gun. His versatility on screen earned him widespread recognition and admiration from audiences worldwide.

In addition to his work in film, Skerritt also made a lasting impression on television with his portrayal of a tough-but-fair sheriff in the popular series Picket Fences, for which he won an Emmy award.

Skerritt's family released a statement paying tribute to their loved one, highlighting his qualities as a person beyond his professional achievements. They remembered him as someone who cared deeply about imagination, creativity, storytelling, and service to others.

The late actor's career spanned multiple decades, with notable roles in films such as Turning Point" and "Steel Magnolias, where he played the patient husband of Shirley MacLaine and Sally Field respectively. He also appeared in the 1997 film Contact, playing a scheming opportunist who hindered Jodie Foster's attempts to communicate with extraterrestrial life.

Tom Skerritt's versatility as an actor has been widely praised throughout his career. He once described himself as a character actor locked in a leading man's body, a distinction that he seemed to appreciate.

In addition to his film work, Skerritt also had a strong presence on stage. In 2004, he narrated the classic play Our Town at Seattle's Intiman Theatre, showcasing his ability to bring depth and nuance to his performances. He made his Broadway debut in 2013, starring in an adaptation of John Grisham's novel A Time to Kill.

The Associated Press noted that Skerritt brought a charming but troubled quality to the role of a disgraced and drunken lawyer. This performance was just one example of how he could effortlessly transition between different types of roles.

Skerritt's early life laid the groundwork for his future success. He grew up in a middle-class family in Detroit, where his father ran a small business and his mother stayed at home to raise their children. Tragically, one of Skerritt's siblings died as a child.

His time in the Air Force was followed by higher education, with Skerritt attending Wayne State University before transferring to the University of California, Los Angeles, to study filmmaking. His interest in film was sparked by a screening of Citizen Kane, which left a lasting impression on him.

Skerritt's entry into the film industry was marked by his role as a sergeant in the 1962 independent war film War Hunt. This production also featured Robert Redford, Sydney Pollack, and Francis Ford Coppola in their early careers.

Tom Skerritt's early career was marked by struggles to secure significant screen time, despite his talent and dedication.

After his breakout role in War Hunt, he found himself relegated to small parts in films like M.A.S.H." and "Thieves Like Us for director Robert Altman. He also appeared in a minor role as a motorcycle cop in Hal Ashby's Harold and Maude.

However, Skerritt's fortunes began to change with the release of The Turning Point, which earned him a prestigious National Board of Review award.

In this film, Skerritt played a pivotal role that showcased his acting range and depth. He was drawn to the script because it flipped traditional gender roles on their head, with the female lead becoming the hero.

Skerritt's performance in Alien cemented his status as a leading man, particularly in his iconic portrayal of the beleaguered captain of the Nostromo ship, who fought for survival against the deadly alien threat.

Skerritt's portrayal of a small-town sheriff in Picket Fences earned him widespread acclaim.

The comedy series, created by David E. Kelley, was a critical and commercial success during its four-year run from 1992 to 1996, winning 14 Emmy Awards and one Golden Globe award.

In the show, Skerritt's character was part of a quirky community in Rome, Wisconsin, where bizarre events occurred frequently, such as a robbery that left behind a trail of frogs or the pope unexpectedly becoming the key witness to a murder.

Skerritt himself attributed the success of Picket Fences to its talented writer and credited Kelley with creating a magic and brilliance that made the show stand out.

In addition to his work on Picket Fences, Skerritt had a prolific career in television, appearing in other notable series such as Brothers and Sisters", "Leverage, and making recurring appearances on Cheers".

In a career spanning over six decades, Tom Skerritt's versatility as an actor was undeniable. He had been hired for various film roles, which led him to believe that acting would provide valuable experience in directing, but life took a different turn when he started his family and needed to support them.

The years passed quickly, and Skerritt had considered giving up acting to pursue directing, but ultimately decided not to regret the choice. He has been left behind by his loved ones, including his third wife, Julie Tokashiki, and their five children together.

France 24 English: https://www.france24.com/en/culture/20261022-emmy-winning-us-actor-tom-skerritt-top-gun-and-picket-fences-dies-93

The changing temperatures and increased close contact during holiday gatherings have led to a surge in respiratory infections, according to Dr. Waleed Javaid, an epidemiologist and professor of medicine at West Virginia University.

As the colder months approach, people are more likely to be indoors, where germs can spread easily, making it crucial for travelers to take precautions against illness.

Dr. Taz Bhatia, a board-certified integrative medicine physician and medical adviser to Genexa, notes that COVID-19 taught us the importance of hand hygiene and boosting immunity through lifestyle practices.

Many precautions taken during the pandemic, such as frequent handwashing and maintaining good hygiene, can help protect against seasonal influenza, according to Healthline.

Travelers should be aware of the risks associated with flu season and take steps to prevent illness, especially when interacting with others in crowded public spaces.

The flu season has officially begun, and travelers should be aware of the risks associated with it. One way to minimize this risk is by wearing a mask on flights.

A 2020 study conducted by the U.S. Department of Defense found that the transmission of COVID-19 on planes was "extremely unlikely when masks were worn. This suggests that wearing a mask can also help protect against other respiratory viruses, such as influenza, which are airborne and can be transmitted through the air.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend using masks for travelers who are already sick, with fever or respiratory symptoms, to reduce the spread of germs. They also advise people sitting near someone with these symptoms to wear a mask if the patient cannot tolerate wearing one themselves.

Good hand hygiene is crucial when traveling, especially in crowded areas where illness can easily spread. Dr. Nicholas Testa, California regional chief medical officer at CommonSpirit Health, emphasizes the importance of washing hands regularly.

To maintain good hand hygiene while traveling, it's recommended to use either soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol. This is especially important when soap and water are not available.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention consider hand washing to be the single most important infection control measure." By following these simple steps, travelers can reduce their risk of getting sick on a plane.

A crucial aspect of staying healthy on a plane is avoiding contact with germy surfaces in airplane bathrooms. According to Dr. Marina Gafanovich, a primary care physician based in New York, it's essential to minimize interactions with these high-touch areas.

Before boarding a short flight, make a quick trip to the bathroom to avoid waiting until the flight takes off, when many passengers will be using the facilities at the same time. It's also wise to use paper towels when touching toilet seats, faucets, or door latches, as research has shown that these surfaces can harbor significant amounts of germs.

The dry air inside an airplane cabin poses another risk to travelers' health. With humidity levels typically ranging from 10% to 20%, the mucous membranes in our noses and airways become more vulnerable to viruses and bacteria. Staying hydrated is crucial to maintaining a healthy respiratory system.

Dr. Nate Favini, chief medical officer at Pair Team, recommends bringing an own bottle of water on board and drinking at least eight ounces per hour of flight time to maintain hydration levels. It's also worth avoiding alcohol and caffeine, which can exacerbate dehydration.

Airplane surfaces are breeding grounds for germs, particularly high-touch areas that come into contact with many passengers' hands. The flu virus can survive on hard surfaces for up to 24 hours, making it essential to take precautions when interacting with these areas.

When using a tray table or storing items in the seatback pocket, be aware of the potential germ risk and take measures to minimize exposure. Carrying sanitary wipes can help keep high-touch surfaces clean, but it's also wise to avoid using these areas altogether if possible.

When it comes to avoiding germs on a plane, it's essential to pay attention to often-overlooked areas like overhead air vents and seat belt buckles. These surfaces can harbor bacteria and viruses, making them a breeding ground for illness.

To stay safe, consider carrying hand sanitizing wipes with you on your next flight. Brands like Purell are well-known for their effectiveness in killing germs, or you may prefer travel-specific wipes designed to be compact and portable. For an alternative, try using Dr. Bronner's organic hand sanitizer spray in TSA-friendly bottles.

Regardless of how clean your hands are, it's crucial to resist the urge to touch your face. Even if your skin appears spotless, introducing germs from contaminated surfaces into your body can still lead to illness.

According to Florida-based internist Dr. Frank Contacessa, getting into the habit of avoiding facial contact is a simple yet effective way to prevent getting sick. He advises never touching your nose, mouth, or eyes unless you've just washed your hands thoroughly.

For those who struggle with resisting the urge to touch their face, consider wearing gloves as a reminder to keep your hands away from sensitive areas. Dr. Julie Fischer notes that gloves can make individuals more aware of their actions and serve as a protective barrier against germs.

Research has shown that aisle seats on an airplane are particularly prone to increased exposure due to passengers using them for support when walking to the lavatory, often without washing their hands first. This highlights the importance of choosing your seat wisely and taking extra precautions in these areas.

When choosing a seat on a plane, passengers may want to consider opting for a window seat as it tends to have less contact with other travelers.

The reduced exposure can be attributed to the fact that window seats are generally farther away from the aisle and do not require frequent interactions with fellow passengers who may be passing by.

In addition, using the overhead air vent on planes can also help minimize the risk of respiratory transmission. This is because the airflow from the vent can create a protective barrier against airborne germs.

Air on commercial flights is filtered through high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters that remove at least 99.97% of airborne viruses and bacteria, with the air being refreshed about 20 times per hour.

Passengers can also take preventive measures before boarding a flight by staying up-to-date on recommended vaccinations such as flu shots, COVID-19 boosters, and RSV vaccines for those eligible.

As the flu season is officially underway, travelers can take steps to minimize their risk of getting sick on a plane by stocking up on essential supplies such as supplements and hand wipes.

When preparing for travel, it's also wise to consider the credit cards in your wallet, particularly those that offer bonus points at drugstores or grocery stores where these items are commonly purchased, thereby offsetting costs.

The Points Guy: https://thepointsguy.com/travel/flu-season-how-to-avoid-getting-sick-on-a-plane/

The finding contradicts previous assumptions about the Upper Basin's resilience to dry spells, which was attributed to its higher precipitation levels, particularly snowfall in the Rocky Mountains. However, researchers now suggest that this assumption may be too simplistic.

According to Esther Oyedele, a doctoral student at Virginia Tech and lead author of the study, the Upper Basin has historically been seen as more resilient due to its higher precipitation levels. But she warns against assuming that this resilience will continue simply because of historical trends.

The Lower Basin, which comprises parts of Nevada, California, and Arizona, naturally receives less groundwater recharge due to lower rain and snowfall rates. Additionally, it has higher evaporation rates and substantial water demands, with around 30 million people relying on the Colorado River for their water needs.

These factors contribute to a significantly different hydrological profile compared to the Upper Basin, which may make the Lower Basin more vulnerable to droughts than previously thought. The study highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of the region's groundwater dynamics and potential risks associated with prolonged droughts.

The research emphasizes that regional assumptions about drought resilience should be reevaluated in light of these new findings, which could have significant implications for water management strategies across the Colorado River Basin.

The Colorado River Basin has been experiencing persistent groundwater depletion over the past two decades, according to new research that used satellite and hydrological data to estimate water losses between 2004 and 2023.

A closer look at the data reveals that groundwater loss accelerated in 2019, marking a significant shift in the basin's water management dynamics. This acceleration was largely due to the three-year drought that began in 2020, which had a profound impact on the region's snowpack, evaporation rates, and overall water demand.

The drought between 2020 and 2022 was particularly severe for the Upper Basin, where groundwater losses totaled around 4.2 cubic miles (17.5 cubic kilometers). In contrast, the Lower Basin experienced significantly less loss, with approximately 2.3 cubic miles (9.4 cubic km) of groundwater depletion during the same period.

The total groundwater loss across the Colorado River Basin between 2004 and 2023 is estimated to be around 14 cubic miles (58.3 cubic km), equivalent to the volume of water held in about 25 million Olympic-size swimming pools. This staggering figure highlights the scale of the problem facing the region's water managers.

One possible explanation for the significantly higher groundwater loss in the Upper Basin compared to the Lower Basin is its reliance on snowmelt to recharge aquifers. When snowfall decreases, as it did between 2020 and 2022, the impact on groundwater levels can be particularly severe in areas like the Upper Basin.

Researchers are still working to understand why the deficit is more pronounced in certain regions of the basin, but the study's findings already have significant implications for water management strategies across the Colorado River Basin.

The Colorado River Basin's Upper and Lower Basins have distinct differences in their groundwater loss patterns during drought periods. Research suggests that the Upper Basin experienced a more significant decline in aquifer recharge due to its higher initial amount of groundwater.

Advanced statistical methods were employed by researchers to analyze the relationship between groundwater and surface water levels in the basin. The findings indicate that climate change and overallocation of the Colorado River's water have resulted in the river's flow being 35% lower than its average in the 20th century.

The study also highlights the alarming level of water scarcity in the basin, with Lake Mead and Lake Powell reaching record lows in August. These reservoirs are crucial for managing water levels in the region.

In the Upper Basin, groundwater levels tend to follow surface water trends but with a slight delay, indicating that groundwater losses occur due to inadequate recharge and increased pumping during drought periods. However, this link is weaker and more complex in the Lower Basin.

Groundwater depletion in the Lower Basin does not appear to be directly linked to reduced surface water infiltration or increased human extraction during dry spells. Instead, the study suggests that consistent overuse of groundwater is a major contributing factor to the region's water scarcity issues.

The distinction made by researchers between groundwater depletion and surface-water shortages is crucial because it highlights that the latter may not be the sole cause of the former.

This implies that human water use patterns, particularly sustained groundwater extraction over time, could also significantly contribute to the region's water scarcity issues.

Looking ahead, it remains uncertain whether the Upper Basin will continue to lose more groundwater than the Lower Basin and what this would mean for the region as a whole. However, one thing is clear: the Upper Basin appears to be more vulnerable to drought than previously thought by experts.

The combination of continued warming, changes in snowpack, prolonged drought, and increasing water demand could put additional pressure on groundwater resources across both basins, according to researchers. The future response of groundwater levels will depend on several factors including precipitation, snowmelt, water use, and management decisions.

Groundwater and surface water are closely linked as they can recharge each other: rivers help sustain aquifers while groundwater acts as a backup during droughts. This interconnectedness suggests that the two resources should be managed together rather than separately.

Effective management of groundwater requires recognizing it as a finite resource that cannot be treated as an unlimited reserve, researchers caution.

A surprising new pattern of groundwater loss has been observed in the Colorado River Basin, which may signal a turning point for the region's water management. The research suggests that this unexpected shift could be linked to changes in precipitation patterns and human activities such as agriculture.

The discovery highlights the need for more effective management strategies, taking into account the finite nature of groundwater resources.

Live Science: https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/rivers-oceans/surprising-new-pattern-of-groundwater-loss-may-signal-a-turning-point-for-the-colorado-river-basin

The ballot proposal in question is known as Proposition 40, which aims to impose a one-time 5 percent tax on the stock and assets held by billionaires in California as of January 2026. This move has prompted some wealthy individuals, including Zuckerberg, to explore alternative living arrangements.

Zuckerberg had already made plans to sell his Palo Alto home, listing it for sale just four days after informing his board members of his potential departure. The tech entrepreneur also owns a property in Florida, which he purchased earlier this year.

The special committee of the Meta board, comprising attorney Robert Kimmitt and others, expressed concerns about the company's ability to operate smoothly if Zuckerberg were to relocate to another state.

Meta's board of directors and Mark Zuckerberg have reached a deal that ties his ability to sell certain company shares to his continued residence in California. The agreement was finalized last week and details were announced by Meta on Wednesday. As part of the arrangement, a new class of nonvoting shares will be created, which can be sold to help raise funds for the company's expensive investments in AI data centers without diluting Zuckerberg's voting power.

The creation of these nonvoting shares is aimed at allowing Meta to fund its ambitious projects while maintaining control for Zuckerberg. All existing shareholders will automatically receive these new shares in proportion to their current holdings. Under the terms of a "Founder Alignment Agreement" with Zuckerberg, he will be able to sell 20% of the new nonvoting shares to cover any potential tax liabilities.

The remaining 80% of the new shares can be sold over an eight-year period as long as Zuckerberg remains in California. However, it's worth noting that the agreement does not necessarily mean Zuckerberg must stay in California if Meta were to relocate its headquarters to another state. This could potentially allow both him and the company to move together.

The deal is seen as a key component of Meta's plans for future growth and development, particularly in areas such as AI research and data center construction. By providing a mechanism for raising funds without diluting control, the agreement aims to support Zuckerberg's vision for the company while also addressing concerns about his potential tax liabilities.

The agreement aims to keep Mark Zuckerberg at the helm of Meta, allowing him to lead the company from its California base and remain close to its research facilities in Silicon Valley. This is significant given that many tech giants have left the state in recent years, with some high-profile billionaires like Sergey Brin and Larry Page reportedly relocating due to concerns over potential tax liabilities.

However, it appears that the billionaire's exodus may not be as pressing a concern as initially thought, as recent polling suggests that the ballot measure aimed at increasing taxes on wealthy Californians is likely to fail. Despite the efforts of opponents who have spent around $129 million campaigning against Proposition 40, it seems unlikely to garner enough votes.

The agreement between Zuckerberg and Meta's board may ultimately prove unnecessary in light of this new information, but for now it remains a crucial step towards securing the company's future under its current leadership.

Wired: https://www.wired.com/story/mark-zuckerberg-agrees-to-stay-in-california-despite-billionaires-tax-ballot-measure/

The state experienced this phenomenon in 1982-83, when one of the most destructive El Niño winters on record battered the coastline with torrential rain and huge waves. The combination of high sea levels, astronomical tides, and multiple storms created a perfect storm that left a trail of devastation in its wake.

In Southern California, the impact was particularly severe, as powerful waves destroyed sections of several piers, including the iconic Santa Monica Pier, which lost one-third of its structure. Other piers, such as those at Huntington Beach, Paradise Cove, Seal Beach, San Clemente, and Malibu, also suffered significant damage.

The destruction was not limited to just pier structures; numerous seawalls, decks, and stairways were torn apart, while 33 oceanfront homes were destroyed in the storm. Millions of cubic yards of sand were stripped from Southern California beaches, causing widespread erosion.

Along the central coast, waves and high-tide flooding took a toll on the coastline, with bluffs eroding at an alarming rate. In Pacifica, just outside San Francisco, a 65-foot section of a bluff collapsed onto the beach, forcing the relocation of a two-story building and removal of an entire row of mobile homes.

As a result of this erosion, many bluff-top homes and apartments were eventually demolished in the area, highlighting the fragility of California's coastline despite its rugged appearance.

The El Niño phenomenon is building once again, and this time it's expected to be even more intense than previous events.

As a coastal geologist with years of experience studying California's coastlines, I can attest that the conditions this year are ripe for significant damage. With the strong El Niño forecasted for 2026-27, homes along the coast are already experiencing issues due to increased erosion and flooding.

The El Niño climate pattern is characterized by a shift in wind patterns that normally push warm waters from east to west along the equator. However, when these trade winds die down, the warm water pool in the western Pacific begins to flow back towards South America, causing a ripple effect on global weather patterns.

This phenomenon can have far-reaching consequences, including powerful atmospheric river storms with heavy downpours that can wreak havoc on normally dry areas. Meanwhile, regions that are typically wet may experience droughts due to the disruption of usual weather patterns.

As the warm water mass moves north towards California as a Kelvin wave, it brings significant impacts to the coast. One of the main concerns is the rise in sea level along the Pacific Coast, which can be elevated by up to 2 feet during these periodic events.

The effects of El Niño on sea levels are well-documented, with the 1982-83 event being a prime example. During this time, sea levels were significantly higher than predicted high tides in cities like San Diego and San Francisco, highlighting the potential for devastating consequences along California's coastlines.

The prolonged exposure of California's coastlines to elevated sea levels during an El Niño event can have far-reaching consequences for both public and private infrastructure.

When sea levels are higher than usual, they can penetrate further inland, causing erosion and damage to coastal areas that were previously thought to be safe. This can lead to the destruction of homes, businesses, and other structures built along the coast.

The combination of high sea levels and storm waves can also cause significant damage to public infrastructure such as streets, highways, bridges, piers, parks, and recreational facilities. The impact is not limited to private property; entire communities are affected by the loss of essential services and amenities.

Much of California's coastal development took place during a period of rapid population growth from the late 1940s to the late 1970s when there were few concerns about coastal hazards and sea-level rise. This lack of awareness led to the construction of homes, businesses, and other structures on beaches, bluffs, and dunes.

The arrival of El Niño in 1978 marked a turning point in California's understanding of its vulnerability to coastal hazards. The extreme event that followed just a few years later, the 1982-83 El Niño, caused significant damage to oceanfront property, recreational facilities, and large engineering structures designed to protect harbors from storm waves.

The aftermath of the 1982-83 El Niño event led to a significant shift in the way people perceived the stability of oceanfront homes and shoreline development. Building restrictions were tightened, insurance rates increased, and many applications for new seawall permits were submitted.

However, this newfound awareness was short-lived as coastal residents returned to their usual habits. The allure of owning an oceanfront property proved too great, with buyers competing fiercely for properties that had been damaged just a few years prior.

In the years following the 1982-83 El Niño, California's coast experienced several large El Niño events, including those in 1997-98 and 2015-16. While these events caused significant damage, the increased use of coastal armoring, such as seawalls and rock revetments, helped to mitigate erosion.

Additionally, the timing of large waves during these events coincided with low points in the monthly tidal cycle, resulting in less property damage than what was seen in 1982-83. This fortunate coincidence allowed for some degree of protection from the full force of the storms.

The state's coast suffered a major blow in winter 2022-23 when high seas and waves caused an estimated $4.7 billion in economic losses along California's coastline. The combination of large storm waves, high tides, and elevated sea levels was eerily similar to the conditions experienced during early 1983.

The state's latest climate assessment warns that more intense storms and increased erosion are on the horizon as temperatures rise and sea levels continue to increase. This warning has already been borne out in recent events, with the southern end of the state experiencing wave damage from an exceptionally busy Pacific hurricane season, also fueled by El Niño conditions.

The severity of the emerging El Niño event is making it increasingly clear that coastal communities must prepare for a future where their current shoreline protection measures will not be sufficient.

Each coastal neighborhood, city, and county has unique conditions and vulnerabilities to erosion and flooding, which will dictate how they respond to this new reality. While some are taking proactive steps such as stockpiling sandbags, clearing culverts, and developing evacuation plans, these efforts have their limitations when it comes to halting erosion.

Building seawalls and rock revetments can provide temporary protection if designed correctly, but they also pose risks by altering the shoreline's natural dynamics. For instance, over time, these structures can lead to the loss of beaches as sea levels continue to rise. Moreover, adding more sand to eroded areas is a costly endeavor with limited long-term benefits.

The cumulative effects of extensive shoreline development, eroding bluffs, aging infrastructure, and increased exposure to extreme weather events are placing immense pressure on coastal communities worldwide. Eventually, some will face the daunting task of transitioning from continuous shoreline protection to retreating from the coast, either through planned retreats or repeated damage.

As the El Niño event unfolds, it has become evident that there is little developed coastal areas can do at this point to mitigate its impacts. Instead, they must focus on preparing to manage associated risks and adapting to an ever-changing future.

California's coast is once again facing the threat of severe erosion due to El Niño conditions, which have been linked to devastating coastal damage in the past.

The state's fragile coastline has been battered by strong waves and storm surges, putting communities at risk. In contrast, a more proactive approach was taken during the 1982-83 El Niño event, where scientists were able to provide critical information on potential erosion risks to policymakers.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-el-nio-threatening-california-fragile.html

According to researchers Benjamin Jaros and Joshua Rauh, affiliated with Stanford University's Hoover Institution, the actual figure could be significantly lower. In their analysis, they estimate the tax would collect around $30 billion, a range of $28 billion to $36 billion. This is less than one-third of what proponents expect.

The main reason for this discrepancy lies in the ability of billionaires to relocate from California. The researchers used Forbes billionaire rankings, real estate reports, and public relocation announcements to estimate that nearly 30% of the proposed tax base has already been eliminated due to departures.

The researchers' earlier analysis had projected a $40 billion revenue and a $25 billion net loss for the state. However, their latest estimate puts the potential tax windfall at just $30 billion, which is a significant downward revision.

This new figure raises concerns about what happens after the state collects it. The economists are worried that the losses from billionaire departures could outweigh the one-time wealth tax proceeds.

The researchers have estimated that billionaire departures could cost California between $1 billion and $3.5 billion annually in lost income tax revenue. If these losses continue indefinitely, they would far exceed the potential gains from the wealth tax.

These projections are based on simulations using different revenue and discount-rate assumptions. Notably, 85% of the simulations produced a net loss for the state, indicating that the potential risks may be even greater than initially thought.

The researchers' estimates do not account for individuals who have publicly announced their intention to leave California but may still owe taxes if they remain residents as of January 1, 2026.

California's billionaire tax proposal has sparked intense debate among economists, with some arguing it will generate significant revenue and others warning of potential losses.

A recent study by economists Jasper Boll, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman challenges the notion that billionaires fleeing California would lead to a $100 billion windfall. According to their estimates, even in an extreme scenario where every billionaire permanently left the state, it would take around 25 years for accumulated income tax losses to match this proposed revenue gain.

The authors of this study have revised their earlier estimate of what California billionaires paid in state income taxes in 2025, increasing it from $4.1 billion to $4.3 billion. This revision also critiques the Stanford approach by pointing out that it treats the wealth tax as a one-time payment while considering the migration triggered by the tax as permanent.

However, this perspective is not shared by California's nonpartisan Legislative Analyst's Office, which predicts that the tax will generate tens of billions of dollars over several years. The office also expects the tax to have a relatively minor impact on annual income tax revenue, reducing it by less than $1 billion.

The debate surrounding the billionaire tax proposal comes as the wealth gap in the United States continues to widen. According to Federal Reserve data, the richest 1% of households now hold a record 32.5% of the nation's total net worth, up from 31.1% just one year earlier.

The proposed wealth tax has ignited a heated debate, with tech moguls pouring millions into opposing it and supporting competing ballot initiatives. According to campaign finance disclosures reviewed by a prominent news outlet, these billionaires have collectively raised over $340 million against the measure.

Among the largest donors is Brin, who alone has contributed more than $100 million. Other notable contributors include Eric Schmidt, former Google CEO, Peter Thiel, cofounder of Palantir, Patrick Collison, Stripe's CEO, and Tony Xu, DoorDash's CEO. This massive opposition campaign has already spent a staggering amount on ads and lobbying efforts.

The battle is not only being fought in the streets but also at the top levels of government. California Governor Gavin Newsom, who initially supported the tax, has now switched sides and endorsed Proposition 42, a competing measure funded by Brin that would block retroactive taxes and new state taxes on personal property. This move effectively undermines Prop 40, the original wealth tax bill.

The outcome is far from certain as voters remain divided on the issue. A recent poll found that likely voters are almost evenly split, with 46% in favor of the tax and 43% opposed, leaving room for a potential shift in public opinion before the final vote.

The proposed tax hike in California has sparked a heated debate among residents, with some arguing that it would bring in significant revenue while others claim it would drive away top talent and entrepreneurs. Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang is an example of someone who seems to be willing to pay his share, stating he would comfortably shell out around $8 billion over five years.

The tax's fate will be decided by voters on November 3rd, but even if it passes, its implementation could be delayed due to competing measures and the time-consuming process of determining its impact. Ultimately, the outcome will depend on various factors, including the effectiveness of the tax in generating revenue and its overall effect on California's economy.

Fortune: https://fortune.com/2026/10/21/california-billionaire-tax-prop-40-stanford-study-39-billion-loss/

The agents are reportedly asking residents about their immigration status and whether they have registered to vote or cast ballots in past elections. This move is aimed at rooting out individuals who may be ineligible to participate in the electoral process.

Critics argue that this operation could intimidate lawful voters, particularly those from minority communities. Experts also dispute the accuracy of a claim made by DHS that up to 250,000 American citizens may be registered to vote illegally.

Some have expressed concern that the federal government is overstepping its bounds by inserting itself into state-run voter verification processes. This move has been challenged in court by advocacy groups, who argue it represents an unprecedented level of federal involvement in election administration.

Federal agents have been conducting home visits across California as part of an investigation into potential election fraud. These visits intensified in September, coinciding with the midterm campaign season. The heightened activity continued over the weekend.

The Justice Department announced on Monday that Homeland Security agents had arrested more than 20 individuals in California, all of whom are green card holders. They face allegations of having registered or cast votes illegally. As part of this operation, a large number of federal agents descended upon the residence of a 72-year-old man from Belize.

The man was taken into custody while still wearing his pajamas and is accused of having voted improperly in four past elections. This move has been met with support from some quarters, with DHS stating that it is actively investigating election fraud wherever it can be found. However, others have expressed concerns about the extent to which federal authorities are becoming involved in local election administration.

Federal agents from Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) have been conducting at-home visits to track down alleged noncitizen voters as part of a "surge initiative. Typically, HSI focuses on criminal cross-border investigations such as child exploitation and drug smuggling.

Internal documents reviewed by CBS News reveal that hundreds of agents were reassigned from their usual cases to pursue voter fraud allegations in six states: California, Georgia, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Washington, and Wisconsin. The effort is part of a Criminal Voter Fraud" initiative that includes field reviews in these regions.

A photo posted on HSI's Kansas City account shows four agents at the door of Mariana Alexandra Dewey, a Peruvian national who was charged with voter-fraud related crimes including casting an illegal ballot in the 2024 election.

The case of Mariana Alexandra Dewey is still pending in court, awaiting its turn to be heard by a judge.

Dewey's lawyer has declined to comment on her case, despite requests from CBS News.

Dr. S expressed concern that the actions of federal agents are sending a chilling message to potential voters: stay away from the polls and refrain from casting your ballot.

The list of individuals targeted by HSI is extensive and compiled through various sources, including internal databases, voter rolls, and other datasets. This initiative has raised concerns among some officials who fear it may be having an unintended impact on eligible citizens. A DHS spokesperson defended the program, stating that it is conducted diligently and professionally.

A whistleblower from USCIS came forward in September, alleging that employees were asked to review the voting records of tens of thousands of individuals across the country, including U.S. citizens. This revelation has sparked controversy over the scope and methodology of the data matching program.

A recent revelation about the data matching program used by Homeland Security officials has raised concerns over its methodology and scope. According to Marsden, there is no quota on criminality in the program's criteria for identifying noncitizens.

This lack of clear guidelines has led experts to question the accuracy of the results, with many expecting a significant number of false positives among the lists of allegedly ineligible voters. In fact, officials had initially claimed that nearly 16,000 noncitizens were found on Nevada's voter rolls, but ultimately failed to provide evidence of any single illegally registered voter.

CBS News Politics: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/federal-agents-seek-noncitizen-voters/

The new book delves into more complex themes and the challenges of parenting teenagers in this seemingly idyllic community. As the characters navigate their personal lives, they are also entangled in dark secrets and mysteries.

Moriarty's writing style often focuses on character development and dialogue rather than descriptive scenery. Despite her lack of attention to detail when it comes to place settings, she has a strong affinity for setting her stories in Australia. This preference stems from the fact that she can easily draw inspiration from her surroundings without having to rely on vivid descriptions.

A key aspect of Moriarty's writing process involves immersing herself in the local culture and people. While she may struggle to recall specific locations, she remembers the interactions and relationships with those around her. This unique approach allows her to craft authentic stories that resonate with readers.

The television adaptation of Big Little Lies had a significant impact on Moriarty's sequel, with many fans eagerly awaiting the continuation of their favorite characters' storylines. As a result, Moriarty has had to balance staying true to her original vision while also catering to the expectations of fans familiar with the TV series.

The fictional setting of Big Little Lies has sparked a wave of interest in its supposed real-life counterparts. Fans have been trying to pinpoint the exact location of the Pirriwee Peninsula, but it appears that Moriarty deliberately avoided using a single, specific beach as inspiration.

Instead, she drew from her own experiences and observations of various Australian beaches, incorporating elements that would make them instantly recognizable to readers. The result is a unique blend of fact and fiction that has captivated audiences worldwide.

Moriarty's love affair with the Hawkesbury River region in New South Wales dates back to her second novel, The Last Anniversary. Set on a small island, the book was inspired by her visit to Ganga Island, which she later transformed into the fictional Scribbly Gum Island.

The success of Big Little Lies has led to fans seeking out real-life locations that mirror those in the story. Some have even contacted tourism boards in Sydney to inquire about visiting the fictional Scribbly Gum Island, a testament to Moriarty's ability to craft immersive and believable settings.

For Moriarty, there is no greater joy than seeing her creations take on a life of their own. She finds it fascinating that readers become so invested in the places she describes, almost as if they exist outside of her books.

The choice to set Big Little Lies in a beachside community was deliberate, allowing Moriarty to explore themes of class and social hierarchy in a unique and compelling way. By bringing together characters from different walks of life at the local school, she created a microcosm that is both relatable and riveting.

The northern beaches of Sydney have a unique charm that makes them stand out as some of Australia's most sought-after places to live. This is reflected in the way residents affectionately refer to their community as an "insular peninsula, suggesting a sense of isolation and exclusivity.

However, this image was not what came to mind when HBO adapted Big Little Lies for TV. The show was relocated from its original setting in Monterey, California, which may have seemed like a natural fit given the coastal town's picturesque backdrop. But Moriarty had no qualms with the decision, as long as it remained true to her vision of a beautiful yet isolated community.

In fact, she notes that while the HBO adaptation did feature some luxurious homes, she opted for a more nuanced approach in Big Little Truths. By giving Celeste a stunning home and leaving the others more modest, Moriarty aimed to create contrast and depth in her characters' lives. This decision was also influenced by her desire to explore the complexities of suburban life.

Moriarty's own experiences living on the northern beaches of Sydney undoubtedly shaped her writing process for Big Little Truths. As she navigated the challenges of crafting a sequel, she found herself drawn back to the Pirriwee Peninsula, where many of her characters reside. The familiarity of this setting likely made it easier for Moriarty to tap into the emotions and experiences of her characters.

In another project, Nine Perfect Strangers, Moriarty again explored the appeal of coastal towns in Australia. This time, she set her story in California but had the opportunity to visit the filming location in Byron Bay, which shares some similarities with the Pirriwee Peninsula.

The picturesque settings of Liane Moriarty's novels often belie a darker reality beneath the surface. This is particularly true for her characters in the suburbs of Australia, where seemingly idyllic lives are often marred by underlying threats and secrets.

Moriarty observes that viewers familiar with Australian landscapes can sometimes spot the country's birdlife in the background of some scenes. However, she believes that California's similarity to her own settings allows for a convincing portrayal of suburban life without being too obvious.

The author notes that her characters often appear to have it all together on the surface but are hiding secrets and vulnerabilities beneath. This phenomenon is particularly intriguing when it comes to friendships, where initial impressions can be deceiving until one gets to know someone better.

Moriarty's writing style draws inspiration from authors like Anne Tyler, who sets her novels in Baltimore. The author sees this as a precedent for setting her own stories in Sydney, allowing her to explore the complexities of Australian suburban life through an authentic voice.

The beauty of a picturesque setting can be a clever disguise for the darker truths that lie beneath, and Moriarty is known for expertly navigating these contrasts in her writing.

Moriarty's writing process often involves immersing herself in new environments, but she has found that it takes a significant amount of time to truly understand and capture the essence of a place.

This is why she prefers to draw from her own experiences, rather than trying to write about unfamiliar settings. For instance, when writing Big Little Lies, she drew heavily from her own observations of suburban Australian life.

A picturesque setting can sometimes mask underlying issues, and Moriarty has mastered the art of exploring these contrasts in her work. Her preference for drawing from personal experiences is likely due to her ability to tap into the complexities of a place after spending sufficient time there.

Moriarty's sister, author Jacqueline, takes a different approach. She often writes in cafes, including one that doubles as a chocolate shop, where she finds inspiration and captures its whimsical atmosphere in her books.

When Moriarty does venture out, it is usually to Hobart in Tasmania, the hometown of her husband. This place has a special significance for her, as she spent enough time there to feel at home and set some scenes from Here One Moment against its backdrop.

Hobart, Tasmania has a notable writing community, where authors often share their experiences and inspire each other.

The city's scenic surroundings have been known to spark creativity in writers, as one author noted that stories can be found in the water" there.

Moriarty's fondness for Sydney is evident in her recommendations. She favors areas around the harbor, citing the botanical gardens as a serene spot to visit.

She also highly recommends the northern beaches, specifically mentioning Avonka Beach, which is about an hour north of the city, and Balmoral Beach closer to the city center.

The Golden Door spa, located in the north of Sydney, was another notable mention from Moriarty. It's where she went to research her novel Nine Perfect Strangers.

Sydney's coffee culture is also something Moriarty appreciates, saying that Australians often proudly boast about their coffee when traveling abroad.

Moriarty's love for Sydney and its surroundings shines through in her writing, making the city a key part of her storytelling.

Conde Nast Traveler: https://www.cntraveler.com/story/in-her-sequel-to-big-little-lies-liane-moriarty-shines-a-light-on-suburban-australias-dark-side

This assessment is part of California's Fifth Climate Assessment, a statewide effort led by researchers at the University of California, Santa Cruz. The report brings together cutting-edge climate science projections for the mid-21st century and examines their potential impact on the region's ecosystems, infrastructure, and communities.

The Central Coast is particularly susceptible to these changes due to its heavy reliance on groundwater resources and lack of comprehensive climate research in the past. As a result, this report aims to provide a scientific foundation for understanding the region's vulnerability to climate-related hazards.

A key aspect of the report is its examination of four main areas: climate trends, natural ecosystems, built environments, and social systems. By analyzing these interconnected components, researchers hope to identify opportunities for resource management and climate planning that can mitigate the effects of extreme weather events.

The report also highlights the progress made in implementing climate change mitigation and adaptation measures since 2018, providing a basis for future policy decisions and action plans. With this critical information, regional stakeholders can better prepare for an uncertain climate future and work towards more sustainable and resilient communities.

The Central Coast region is already witnessing significant adaptation efforts in response to climate change impacts. Researchers are exploring nature-based solutions to mitigate the effects of coastal storms and are implementing new water conservation strategies. Additionally, there is a growing focus on recycling and recharge initiatives. This emphasis on practical action underscores the urgency of addressing climate-related challenges.

The Central Coast report was a collaborative effort led by Ruth Langridge and her team. Langridge, a researcher in politics and legal studies at UC Santa Cruz, worked alongside Nathan Von Schmidt from the San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory and Eloy Ortiz from Regeneración, a Watsonville-based climate equity nonprofit. This diverse group of experts brought together a large team of interdisciplinary scientists to contribute to the report.

The Central Coast report was part of a larger statewide assessment that aimed to inform regional stakeholders about potential climate-related impacts. To facilitate this understanding, researchers developed CoSMoS Adapts, a tool designed to provide coastal communities with detailed block-by-block visualizations of future flooding and erosion risks. This innovative approach allows local authorities to evaluate the specific vulnerabilities of their areas.

The development of CoSMoS Adapts was a key component of the statewide report, highlighting the importance of tailored solutions for regional contexts. By providing region-specific information, this tool enables communities to make more informed decisions about adaptation strategies and infrastructure planning.

The Central Coast region of California is expected to experience more extreme weather patterns in the coming years, according to a regional report from the state's Fifth Climate Assessment. The assessment highlights a significant shift in the area's temperature trends, with hot months projected to become even hotter.

While precipitation levels may remain relatively stable, the increased heat will lead to greater evaporation and subsequent drought conditions, posing a major concern for the region. This is due to the fact that temperatures have already begun to rise and are expected to continue doing so in the future.

Rainfall on the Central Coast is projected to become more intense, with January and February being the wettest months of the year. The assessment also notes that the region's largest storms will intensify, delivering up to 30% more precipitation than previously observed.

Inland areas are expected to experience even more severe heat waves, with temperatures exceeding 80°F (27°C) projected to occur for up to half the year by the end of the century. This is a significant concern, as prolonged exposure to such high temperatures can have serious public health implications and also impact local ecosystems and agriculture.

The peak temperatures in many areas are expected to be extremely severe, with some regions facing weeks of temperatures above 100°F (38°C) and others potentially reaching as high as 110°F (43°C). These conditions pose a significant threat to outdoor workers, as well as to local crops and wildlife.

The Central Coast region of California is bracing for a future of extreme weather events, which will likely exacerbate existing vulnerabilities in the area's water supply system.

The combination of drought and heavy rainfall periods is expected to create a "whiplash effect on the region's hydroclimate, increasing the risk of flash floods, wildfires, and disease outbreaks. This extreme variability will put outdoor workers, local crops, and wildlife at greater risk than ever before.

Water reliability stands out as one of the Central Coast's most pressing concerns, with agriculture being the largest user of water in this highly groundwater-dependent region. The industry's heavy reliance on groundwater has already led to significant declines in water tables in some areas.

In addition to overpumping, saltwater intrusion is becoming a growing concern due to sea-level rise and accelerated groundwater pumping. This degradation of freshwater supplies will have far-reaching consequences for local residents and businesses.

The Central Coast region is particularly vulnerable to climate-related impacts, which disproportionately affect already disadvantaged populations. Agricultural workers are exposed to a triple threat of heat stress, pesticide drift, and poor air quality from wildfire smoke, posing significant health risks.

A striking aspect of the report's findings is the growing financial protection gap", the difference between emergency funding and actual recovery costs, including temporary housing, vehicle loss, and lost working hours. This disparity falls heavily on low-income households, which often bear the brunt of post-disaster economic burdens.

In a stark illustration of these systemic inequities, a case study on the Pajaro River levee breach highlights the struggles faced by vulnerable communities. To address these issues, regional grassroots organizations and community groups are forming justice-focused coalitions to develop resilience hubs, establish cooling centers, and coordinate local adaptation strategies.

The region's infrastructure is also facing increasing strain due to climate change. Rising sea levels and storm surges threaten transportation corridors and low-lying coastal highways, while utilities rely on public safety power shutoffs to manage wildfire risks, a measure that disrupts power during extreme weather events but increases cooling needs.

In Monterey, the rate of sea-level rise has accelerated by 24% over the past decade, posing a threat to beaches, intertidal zones, and wetlands. Recurring marine heat waves have driven kelp forest die-off, further compromising coastal ecosystems.

Coastal communities on California's Central Coast are taking proactive measures to mitigate the effects of climate change by investing in natural infrastructure projects. These initiatives include tidal marsh restoration in the Elkhorn Slough to protect against storm surges and capture carbon emissions.

Restoration efforts also focus on rebuilding coastal dunes and constructing oyster reefs, both designed to safeguard against coastal erosion.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-central-coast-extremes-regional-california.html

Engineers at NASA are utilizing high-fidelity computer simulations and wind tunnel tests to reevaluate and reimagine the design of rotorcraft blades that will be used in upcoming Mars flights. This effort aims to build upon the success of the Ingenuity helicopter, which made history as the first powered aircraft to fly on another planet.

The SkyFall mission, scheduled for launch in 2028, is expected to feature a trio of helicopters designed to explore and study Mars. These spacecraft will utilize rotorcraft blades that have been specifically engineered to operate effectively within the thin atmosphere of Mars.

Researchers are actively exploring unconventional blade designs that incorporate thinner and sharper profiles. This new approach seeks to enhance aerodynamic performance on Mars, paving the way for future missions to expand their single-flight range across the planet.

The collaboration between NASA's Ames Research Center in California and international partners such as Imperial College London and Nagoya University is crucial in developing these innovative blade designs.

Researchers have been working on designing new blades for Mars helicopters that can withstand the harsh conditions of the Red Planet and enable longer flights. To achieve this goal, they employed advanced simulations and algorithms specifically tailored to Martian conditions, resulting in a thinner, asymmetrical shape.

The redesigned airfoil, called roamx-0201, was put through rigorous wind tunnel testing, which revealed significant improvements in performance compared to earlier designs. The optimized blades showed enhanced ability to recover from challenging flight situations, demonstrating their potential for future Mars missions.

According to simulations using high-fidelity tools, the new blade design could enable future Mars helicopters to travel much farther than the current record held by Ingenuity, with distances potentially reaching up to 18.7 kilometers (11.6 miles) while carrying scientific instruments. This would be a significant increase from Ingenuity's current maximum distance of 0.7 kilometers (0.43 miles).

The new blade design also exhibits improved performance at higher speeds before experiencing "drag divergence," where aerodynamic efficiency drops off rapidly as the rotors approach the speed of sound, which is lower on Mars than on Earth.

The key to the roamx-0201's success lies in its unique handling of turbulence, specifically how it disrupts the boundary layer formed over the blade. By intentionally creating a disturbance at the leading edge, the new airfoil uses this turbulence to generate lift more effectively than earlier designs, opening up new possibilities for future Mars rotorcraft development.

The new aerodynamic design of rotor blades for Mars helicopters aims to overcome a critical challenge: stall. Stall occurs when the angle of airflow changes, causing performance to plummet and flight to become unstable. The roamx-0201 design has shown significant improvement in stall behavior compared to Ingenuity's blades.

This breakthrough means future Mars helicopters can operate safely at a wider range of flight angles. Engineers are using computational predictions to understand and resolve discrepancies between these models and real-world performance.

To create more efficient Mars helicopters, ongoing research is focused on enabling longer flights with greater payload capacity. This could unlock new science and discovery missions on the Red Planet.

The roamx-0201 design's improved stall behavior paves the way for safer and more versatile rotorcraft, a crucial step towards making long-duration Mars exploration possible.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-nasa-experimental-mars-helicopter-blade.html

The move has been sparked by controversy surrounding the use of AI models to solve complex mathematical problems that had long stumped humans. Several prominent discoveries made by AI companies, including a recent release of 722 papers by OpenAI, have raised concerns about the impact on the field of mathematics.

The Association of Human Mathematicians (AHM), which was established in response to these developments, now boasts over 1000 members, including professors and PhD students. The group's creation has been driven by concerns that AI companies are prioritizing speed and quantity over quality and understanding.

Terence Tao, a mathematician at the University of California, Los Angeles, had previously warned that the way in which AI discoveries are being made and presented to the mathematical community may be damaging to the field. He noted that while the results themselves may be accurate, they are often presented in a form that is difficult for humans to understand.

The controversy has led to the establishment of an independent Advisory Group on Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, which aims to provide guidance to AI companies on best practices. However, OpenAI's recent release seems to contradict many of the group's recommendations.

The Association for Human Mathematics (AHM) has introduced three pledges for its members, with varying levels of commitment to shunning artificial intelligence (AI) in research.

One group, known as "vegetarians, agrees not to work with or for AI companies and refrains from using chatbots to write papers, lecture notes, or books. This is a more moderate approach compared to the vegans who have pledged to eschew AI in their research entirely.

Some members, such as Sam Raskin at Yale University, have opted out of the third pledge, which is optional, due to ambiguity about its scope. Raskin's use of AI for simple tasks was unclear under the pledge, leading him to choose not to sign it.

Raskin believes that AHM membership is diverse and that the pledges are pretty mild, but motivations for joining vary widely among members. Some may be driven by environmental concerns or personal fears over job security in a world where AI is increasingly prevalent.

Steven Sivek at Imperial College London, who is a vegan member of the AHM, notes that the group's purpose goes beyond simply opposing AI. The AHM has established groups to explore what the field of mathematics should look like in a post-AI world and how humans can maintain their role in mathematical research and discovery.

The pledge by over 1000 human mathematicians to exclude AI from their research has sparked a series of committees aimed at addressing its implications on various aspects of mathematics. One such committee is focused on protecting pre-prints from being incorporated into training data for new AI models, which could compromise the integrity of these preliminary papers.

Mathematician Sivek emphasizes that this movement is not about denial or ignoring the reality of AI's impact. He stresses that its role in mathematics is undeniable and that his decision to join the Association for Human Mathematics (AHM) was a deliberate choice, highlighting the value he places on human involvement in mathematical research. For him, mathematics is a craft that requires dedication, deep thought, and a desire for understanding.

Other concerns driving mathematicians to join the AHM include the potential consequences of AI on their careers and teaching methods. Hervé Le Dret from Sorbonne University, France, notes the scandalous waste of resources" and environmental impact associated with AI, underscoring the need for a more nuanced approach to its development and deployment.

The establishment of these committees reflects a growing awareness among mathematicians about the need to navigate the complexities brought by AI in their field. As they explore ways to maintain human involvement in research and discovery, one thing is clear: the role of mathematics is evolving, and it will be up to humans to shape its future.

New Scientist: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2593621-a-thousand-human-mathematicians-pledge-to-shun-ai-in-their-research/?utm_campaign=RSS|NSNS&utm_content=home&utm_medium=RSS&utm_source=NSNS

California farmers are facing significant challenges, including high input costs for land, water, and other resources. Despite these pressures, American farmers deserve policies that help them compete and thrive in the market. However, imposing tariffs on Mexican avocado imports may not be the solution to their problems.

A closer look at the US-Mexico trade relationship reveals a long history of cooperation on avocado imports. The first stage of this cooperation began in 1993 when Alaska gained access to Mexican avocados. This was followed by a gradual expansion, with 19 northeastern states receiving Mexican Hass avocados for part of the year from 1997.

The full extent of US-Mexico trade on avocados was not realized until February 1, 2007, when nationwide access began across all 50 states. However, this growth has also led to concerns among California growers who have fought earlier expansions in court. They argue that their unique production costs and challenges are not addressed by tariffs or quota systems.

As the US-Mexico trade relationship is revisited, attention must be paid to the needs of both Mexican avocado importers and California growers. The complexities of this issue require a nuanced approach, taking into account the specific challenges faced by each side in order to find a mutually beneficial solution.

The growth in demand for avocados in the US has been staggering. According to the USDA's data, the country's avocado consumption has risen from approximately 424 million pounds in the late 1990s to a massive 3.25 billion pounds by 2024/25.

This surge in demand has made avocados a staple in American diets, with per capita consumption reaching an impressive 9.5 pounds annually by 2024/25. In contrast, just over two decades ago, the average person was consuming only 1.52 pounds of avocados each year.

The domestic production of avocados has struggled to keep pace with this growing demand. California's bearing avocado farmland spans around 49,300 acres, but even at an average yield of 6,940 pounds per acre, it falls short of meeting the country's needs. In fact, Mexico supplies a whopping 83% of the nearly 2.9 billion pounds of avocados imported by the US each year.

The impact of trade policies on agricultural products is evident in the recent case of Mexican tomatoes losing their duty-free status. This led to a significant spike in US tomato prices, with a 40% increase over the prior year compared to a 17% rise in overall food prices. While tariffs were not the sole cause, they did contribute to existing supply challenges and higher costs for consumers.

The experience highlights how trade restrictions can have far-reaching consequences on both suppliers and consumers. As the US continues to grapple with its own production limitations and import needs, finding a mutually beneficial solution that takes into account the specific challenges faced by each side is crucial.

The economic benefits of Mexican Hass avocado imports to the US are substantial, according to a recent analysis by Texas A&M University researchers. The study found that these imports generated an estimated $7.1 billion in US economic output and supported over 37,000 jobs in fiscal year 2025/26.

The impact is not limited to other states; California also benefits significantly from Mexican Hass avocado imports. Researchers estimate that these imports contributed approximately $968 million to the state's economic output and supported more than 5,300 jobs in fiscal year 2025/26. This highlights the integral role that California plays in the economic activity generated by avocado imports.

Despite the challenges faced by domestic growers, including rising labor and water costs as well as regulatory pressures, targeted policies can help address these issues. Improving water efficiency and managing production costs are essential steps towards ensuring the long-term viability of California's avocado industry.

The relationship between US domestic growers and Mexican importers is complex, with both sides facing unique challenges. Finding a solution that balances their needs will be crucial to maintaining a reliable North American avocado supply chain.

Mexican avocado imports have played a crucial role in meeting America's escalating demand for avocados, contributing to the overall growth of the market and supporting jobs within the U.S.

A balanced solution that supports American growers is indeed a legitimate goal, but Mexican importers argue that a Tariff Rate Quota (TRQ) would not effectively achieve this.

Fortune: https://fortune.com/2026/10/14/avocados-tariffs-imports-from-mexico-30-year-history/