The widespread wildfires have a profound impact on human health and the environment, releasing smoke haze that poses a significant threat to both. However, the consequences of these fires extend far beyond the initial crisis period. They can fundamentally alter the forests that wildlife relies on for survival, leading to long-term changes in ecosystems.

Wild orangutans living in Borneo's forests have been particularly affected by the 2015 wildfires. At the Tuanan Orangutan Research Station, researchers observed firsthand the devastating impact of the fires on their habitats. In the years following the disaster, they documented significant changes in the orangutans' behavior.

The research team had a unique advantage when studying the effects of the fires. They had been monitoring a wild orangutan population since 2003, meticulously tracking the animals' movements and recording changes in the forest's health and productivity over time. This extensive dataset allowed them to trace the lasting impact of the wildfires on the orangutans.

The researchers have been able to identify significant shifts in the orangutans' behavior following the fires, including reduced travel distances, increased resting periods, and decreased social interaction among individuals.

The team at Tuanan research site faced a daunting task in October as they battled to contain the raging wildfires. Emergency workers worked tirelessly to cut firebreaks and pump water onto the fires, but it was a challenging time for orangutan monitoring.

Returning to Tuanan after the devastating 2015 fires, Maria van Noordwijk recalled the eerie atmosphere of thick haze that enveloped the region for months. The dense smog blanketed large parts of Southeast Asia, causing widespread disruption and health concerns.

The prolonged haze at Tuanan had a profound impact on the orangutans, with many appearing to suffer from respiratory problems. Researchers reported hearing the primates coughing as they struggled to cope with the poor air quality. This was accompanied by changes in their behavior, including reduced travel distances and increased resting periods.

As the researchers observed the orangutans over the following years, they began to notice a pattern emerging. The animals were often staying lower in the canopy, possibly seeking refuge from the haze.

A crucial discovery made by the team was the significant decline in fruit production that persisted for approximately 2.5 years after the fires. This prolonged shortage may have been caused by a combination of factors, including reduced photosynthesis due to haze and the potential loss of pollinators.

The severe wildfires in Borneo have left a lasting impact on the orangutans that inhabit the affected areas. With their primary food source - fruit - scarce due to the prolonged drought and haze, female orangutans were forced to adopt new strategies to conserve energy.

They began traveling shorter distances, resting more frequently, and relying on lower-quality fallback foods to survive. Research also revealed a concerning trend: orangutans lost lean body mass as they drew upon their own bodily reserves to meet their energy needs.

The fires not only affected the orangutans but also altered the forest landscape. Approximately 15% of Tuanan's forest was destroyed in the 2015 blazes, prompting some orangutans to leave their home ranges and seek refuge elsewhere.

This displacement led to increased competition for resources among remaining orangutans, as more individuals converged on a smaller area. Social dynamics began to break down as adult females spent less time foraging together with relatives or younger offspring.

The stress of competing for food and space took a toll on social relationships among the orangutans. Adult females became increasingly intolerant and aggressive towards one another in their pursuit of limited resources, leading to potential consequences for reproduction and survival.

The recent wildfires in Borneo have led to an alarming loss of older female orangutans, exceeding expectations based on long-term survival rates established during a research study.

The devastating impact of these fires is not limited to the immediate dangers posed by flames and smoke; it also extends to the loss of forest habitat, which can lead to reduced food availability and disrupted social relationships among orangutans. This, in turn, forces them to expend energy adapting to their changed environment, a process that can take months or even years.

The ongoing 2026 fires have already destroyed an estimated 30% of the study area, a loss that will likely translate into similar pressures faced by orangutans after the 2015 fires. However, it appears that this time around, the toll may be even greater than before.

Long-term monitoring sites like Tuanan play a crucial role in tracking the effects of these wildfires on the orangutan population. By maintaining records of the forest's ecosystem and its inhabitants before the fires began, scientists can compare the current situation with past observations, providing valuable insights into the consequences of these disasters.

The loss of older female orangutans is particularly concerning, as it may have long-term implications for the survival and reproduction of the species.

The loss of older female orangutans may have significant long-term implications for the survival and reproduction of the species.

Field sites like Tuanan are crucial in answering questions about the impact of fires on orangutans and how long they will take to recover. The data collected from these sites can provide valuable insights into the effects of wildfires on orangutan populations, which is essential for conservation efforts. Ultimately, understanding the full extent of the damage caused by Borneo's wildfires will be critical in developing effective strategies to protect this endangered species.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-borneo-wildfires-impact-orangutans.html

Climate change, fueled by decades of neglect and exacerbated by an unprecedented El Niño event, has pushed the planet to the brink. This cyclical warming and cooling of the Pacific Ocean, driven by shifting trade winds, has far-reaching consequences for global climate patterns. The resulting extreme weather events have left a trail of destruction in their wake.

Recent cyclones and floods in Nepal have displaced entire communities, while a major wildfire in Spain ravaged over 250,000 people's homes. European cities have seen thousands perish from heat-related illnesses, with alarming statistics suggesting that more than 65% of these deaths are directly linked to climate change.

The stark reality is that climate change is no longer a distant threat but an immediate danger to vulnerable communities worldwide. Its impact can be felt on every continent and in almost every corner of the globe.

As the world struggles to cope with the consequences of climate change, it is imperative that the World Health Organization (WHO) takes decisive action by declaring this crisis a public health emergency.

The health impacts of climate change are far-reaching and devastating, as our own research on heat effects in pregnant women and children in Africa has demonstrated. We've seen significant consequences for the mother during pregnancy, poor birth outcomes, and potentially lifelong problems for unborn children.

Our studies have also highlighted the impact on healthcare workers caring for vulnerable communities, who are themselves negatively affected by climate change. This is a critical issue that requires immediate attention from global health authorities. The consequences of inaction will be severe.

Communities around the world are already experiencing the effects of climate change daily and are trying to adapt to these changes. However, they lack the necessary resources to do so effectively. It's clear that communities are aware of the risks posed by climate change but feel powerless to mitigate them.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has long recognized climate change as a major health threat in the 21st century. Despite this, progress towards addressing its impact on global health has been slow and often stalled. The international community has failed to meet its goal of preventing warming of 1.5°C.

As a result, public health professionals are left to navigate a complex U.N. system built on consensus, which can hinder swift action in response to climate-related crises. The lack of decisive leadership from global health authorities is a major concern and needs to be addressed urgently.

The declaration of climate change as a public health emergency would have far-reaching consequences for global health authorities and policymakers.

This move would bring much-needed attention to the devastating impact of climate change on vulnerable populations worldwide. The WHO's endorsement would also provide a clear framework for governments to prioritize climate-resilient healthcare infrastructure, including hospitals, clinics, and community health centers.

The reality is that climate change has far-reaching consequences for global health, exacerbating existing inequalities and threatening the well-being of millions. In many parts of the world, communities are already experiencing severe climate-related health impacts, from heat stress to water-borne diseases.

As governments struggle to respond to these challenges, it's essential to acknowledge the disproportionate burden on certain groups, such as older adults, pregnant women, children, and those living with chronic illnesses. These populations often face significant barriers in accessing healthcare services, making them even more vulnerable to climate-related health risks.

The development of new scientific approaches is shedding light on the link between climate change and adverse health outcomes. Techniques such as impact attribution are being refined to quantify the role that climate change plays in exacerbating health problems.

A severe El Niño season is looming, with forecasts predicting a significant spike in heat-related deaths. The projected 451,000 additional fatalities from June 2026 to February 2027 would be comparable to the number of COVID-19 deaths recorded during the initial six months of the pandemic.

The World Health Organization has established procedures for addressing global health threats that necessitate international cooperation. The International Health Regulations outline specific protocols and actions to take in response to a potential public health emergency of international concern.

A public health emergency is defined as an extraordinary event posing a threat to other countries through the spread of disease, which may require a coordinated international response. To trigger such a declaration, at least two out of four prescribed conditions must be met, including the presence of an unexpected public health risk or the potential for widespread transmission.

The criteria for declaring a public health emergency are being met by the climate crisis, prompting calls from various quarters to expedite the process. Health ministries in Africa have endorsed this urgent appeal, highlighting the need to act swiftly to prevent further loss of life and mitigate harm to vulnerable populations.

Declaring climate change a public health emergency would allow for a coordinated response that prioritizes those most affected and invests in prevention measures.

The WHO's declaration of a public health emergency would also facilitate international collaboration and access to funding, enabling countries to work together to mitigate the impacts of climate change on vulnerable populations.

Countries should now initiate the International Health Regulations process, which involves expert assessment and recommendations for response. This is an opportunity for the WHO to declare a public health emergency of international concern before it's too late to take effective action.

By doing so, nations can ensure that support and resources are directed towards those who need them most, while also taking proactive steps to prevent further harm and promote global health and well-being.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-declare-climate-health-emergency.html

The Suomi NPP satellite captured the image, which shows the twin cyclones barreling towards the Hawaiian Islands. The swirling clouds around the storms give them a haunting resemblance to a pale face smiling up at space.

On a weather map, the symmetry of the two storms is even more striking, with Hurricane Madeline on the left and Hurricane Lester on the right. This unusual visual effect makes the image stand out from other satellite photos of hurricanes.

The Pacific hurricane season in 2016 was particularly active, with 22 named storms, tied for the sixth-most-active year on record. Hurricane Madeline reached its peak as a Category 4 storm on August 30, with maximum wind speeds of around 130 mph.

As the twin hurricanes barreled towards Hawaii, meteorologists were unsure if they would make landfall on the island. The Central Pacific Hurricane Center issued a hurricane warning for the state of Hawaii, cautioning that Madeline was likely to pass "dangerously close to the Big Island.

The radar-based weather map offered an eerie sight as the hurricanes appeared to stare up into space. This visual illusion belied the reality that neither storm ultimately made landfall in Hawaii. Instead, Madeline passed south of the islands on August 31, having been downgraded from a Category 4 to a Category 1 hurricane.

The closest approach was made by Lester, which came within approximately 130 miles (210 km) of Honolulu before turning sharply northward and dissipating. Despite not making landfall, both hurricanes brought high winds, heavy rainfall, and strong surf to the state.

Hawaii's unique geography makes it less susceptible to hurricane landfalls due to two main factors. The islands are surrounded by high-pressure systems on their eastern side, where most hurricanes originate, creating a barrier that steers storms away from the state. Additionally, strong winds often blow eastward across the islands, further contributing to the region's relative immunity to hurricanes.

This invisible shield around Hawaii allows the state to dodge the worst effects of hurricanes, with only a few instances where storms come close enough to trigger strong gusts of wind on the islands. However, recent changes in global and regional weather patterns may soon alter this trend.

The increasing frequency of extreme weather events worldwide, largely attributed to human-caused climate change, poses a growing threat to Hawaii's hurricane-resistant status. This shift is expected to continue, potentially leading to more frequent close encounters between hurricanes and the islands.

Recent examples include Hurricanes Lowell and Lala, which skimmed perilously close to Kauai in August and September, causing significant damage to power lines, boats, and coastal infrastructure on the island.

The ongoing super El Niño event has been linked to a surge in intense weather patterns globally, and researchers believe it may be contributing to the recent twin hurricanes threatening Hawaii. Officially beginning in May, this year's El Niño has already set records for sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean.

Satellite imagery has captured breathtaking examples of unusual cloud formations around the world, including swirling dark spots over Antarctica, a rare Bull's-eye cloud above an erupting volcano on La Palma, and stunning von Kármán vortices" off Atlantic islands. These remarkable displays underscore the complexity and diversity of atmospheric phenomena.

The convergence of these factors has led to an increased risk of intense weather events like Hurricanes Lowell and Lala, which recently threatened Hawaii's Kauai island with significant damage. The situation highlights the importance of monitoring global climate patterns and understanding their impact on local weather conditions.

Live Science: https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/weather/twin-hurricanes-stare-out-to-space-as-they-barrel-toward-hawaii-earth-from-space

The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has warned that Cyclone Arnab will hit the coast as a "very severe cyclonic storm," with gusts reaching up to 150 kilometers per hour on Wednesday morning. This intense weather system is not an isolated incident, as cyclones are a common threat in the Bay of Bengal and northern Indian Ocean.

Neighboring countries have also taken precautions against Cyclone Arnab's impact. Nepal and Sri Lanka have issued weather warnings, signaling that their regions may be affected by the storm's reach. The IMD has advised residents in the affected areas to prepare for the worst.

As Cyclone Arnab draws closer, residents along the coast are bracing themselves for its fury. Heavy rain pounded the port city of Kakinada on Tuesday, while waves crashed against the shore with great force.

The El Niño weather phenomenon has intensified the storm season in India, leading to unprecedented warming that is further exacerbating the situation.

In neighboring Sri Lanka, schools have been closed as a precautionary measure due to warnings of torrential rain, with the island's Department of Meteorology predicting that storms could trigger flash floods and mudslides.

The Indian military has been placed on high alert by Colombo's Disaster Management Centre in preparation for the impending storm. Meanwhile, reports from India indicate that over 50,000 people have been advised to move to safe areas in Andhra Pradesh, while a similar number of evacuations are underway in Odisha.

Nepal's disaster authority has issued a warning about the potential impact of Cyclone Arnab on high mountain regions, where heavy rainfall and snowfall are expected. The authority is urging tourists to avoid traveling to these areas and advising those already there to remain in safe locations due to the risk of avalanches.

Emergency measures are being put into place as Cyclone Arnab approaches India's eastern coast. In the city of Kakinada, police have blocked roads leading to the sea in an effort to prevent people from venturing out.

The state government is taking all necessary precautions to ensure public safety. Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Nara Chandrababu Naidu has ordered authorities to closely monitor the storm and take advance measures to mitigate its impact. Adequate shelters and evacuation arrangements have been made, according to a statement from New Delhi's Cabinet Secretariat.

Evacuations are underway in low-lying areas, with local media reporting that educational institutions have been shut down in some districts until Saturday. Additionally, over 4,700 pregnant women living in potentially hazardous locations have been relocated to hospitals for their safety. The neighboring state of Odisha has also taken measures to safeguard its residents by opening shelters and restricting movement in landslide-prone areas.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-india-braces-cyclone-arnab-evacuations.html

Estimating the exact number of geoglyphs is challenging, but they are believed to be in the thousands, with new discoveries being made possible thanks to advancements in artificial intelligence technology. The enigmatic designs have sparked intense debate among scientists since their formal investigation began in the early 20th century.

Art historians and archaeologists have proposed various theories about the purpose and meaning behind these geoglyphs, but a definitive explanation remains elusive. According to Dr. Ana Nieves, an art history professor at Northeastern Illinois University, "many ideas exist on the subject.

The diversity of styles among the Nazca Lines is striking, with some designs being larger or smaller than others and some situated on hillsides while others are found in the pampas. This complexity suggests that a single explanation may not be applicable to all the geoglyphs.

Despite numerous theories, the true significance of these ancient drawings continues to intrigue and mystify researchers. As they delve deeper into the secrets of the Nazca Lines, experts hope to uncover more about the culture and way of life of the people who created them.

Theories surrounding the purpose of the Nazca Lines have ranged from the plausible to the outlandish, with some suggesting they were even landing sites for extraterrestrial spaceships.

However, more grounded explanations point towards a connection between the lines and the cultural and religious practices of the people who created them.

One of the key challenges in understanding the purpose of the geoglyphs is that there is no preserved oral or written testimony to guide us. As Karsten Lambers, an art history professor at the University of Augsburg in Germany, noted in his essay, Los geoglifos: imágenes y escenarios en el desierto de Nazca y Palpa," this lack of evidence makes it difficult to pinpoint their original use.

Researchers have suggested that the geoglyphs may have served multiple purposes over time. Initially, they could have been used as markers for travelers and caravans, helping them navigate through the desert terrain.

Some studies suggest that these early markings were strategically placed on hillsides and along trails, making them visible from a distance. This placement implies that they not only guided travelers but also indicated areas suitable for temporary campsites, potentially leading to their later use as gathering and feasting sites.

The theory that the Nazca Lines were used to track astronomical alignments as a calendar system has been tested by researchers. Historian Paul Kosok's work on the geoglyphs in 1941 laid the groundwork for this idea, which was later expanded upon by mathematician Maria Reiche over several decades.

However, a recent analysis of the Nazca Lines suggests that only a small fraction of the geoglyphs have any connection to celestial bodies or solar events. The research team found that while some geoglyphs may be aligned with stars or solstices, this does not necessarily mean they were used as a calendar system.

This discovery has significant implications for our understanding of the purpose behind the Nazca Lines. Despite the lack of evidence supporting the calendar theory, researchers believe that celestial bodies still played a role in their creation.

The study also found that around 8% of the geoglyphs have some form of lunar alignment, suggesting that the designers of the Nazca Lines had a sophisticated understanding of astronomy.

Some geoglyphs near the Nazca Lines feature offerings such as ceramics, crabs, and corn placed on low rock platforms. These items are often found near trapezoid-shaped designs, a pattern also observed in other regions of South America where these goods are typically sourced. However, it's worth noting that Spondylus shells, which were used to make earrings, are not native to the area around Nazca and would only have been available during El Niño events.

The presence of these offerings has led some researchers to suggest that the geoglyphs may be connected to fertility rituals. The use of crabs, corn, and Spondylus shells is associated with water and fertility in other South American cultures, further supporting this theory. These items were likely used as symbols or emblems during ceremonies.

Some geoglyphs are designed for ritual processions, allowing participants to walk along a single, uninterrupted line. This would have allowed people to move through the lines in a coordinated manner, creating a sense of unity and shared experience among those involved. The design of these pathways suggests that they were intended for communal activities.

The construction of the geoglyphs may also have played a role in fostering community and equality among participants. Walking along the lines was a group activity that would have created a sense of togetherness among those involved. This shared experience could have helped to promote a more equal expression of community, with individuals working together towards a common goal.

The use of ritual processions as a means of promoting unity is not unique to the Nazca Lines. In many cultures, walking or marching through sacred spaces has been used to bring people together and reinforce social bonds. The geoglyphs may have served a similar purpose, providing a physical space for communal activities and shared experiences.

The construction of the Nazca Lines is a testament to the ingenuity and creativity of the people who built them. The geoglyphs are not just static images etched into the desert floor, but also served as a dynamic space for communal activities and shared experiences.

In transforming the desert landscape, the Nazca people created a unique cultural expression that reflected their values and way of life. By creating these massive designs, they were able to transcend the harsh conditions of the environment and create something truly remarkable.

The legacy of the Nazca Lines continues to inspire awe and curiosity in people today, offering a glimpse into the lives and culture of an ancient civilization.

Live Science: https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/why-were-the-nazca-lines-built

According to a recent assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), nearly all shallow-water coral reef ecosystems are at high risk of disappearing within 50 years. This alarming prediction has left scientists and policymakers concerned about the long-term health of these vital ecosystems, which support an array of marine life including iconic species like elkhorn and pillar corals.

The IUCN assessment found that over 96% of shallow-water coral reef ecosystems are at extremely high risk of collapse by 2075. The remaining ecosystems were not evaluated due to a lack of data, but experts believe they may be equally vulnerable. This dire situation has been highlighted at the ongoing UN biodiversity summit in Armenia, where countries are being urged to take immediate action to protect these critical ecosystems.

The main culprit behind this catastrophic scenario is human-induced climate change, which continues to drive up global temperatures and cause widespread coral bleaching. The IUCN's Marcos Valderrábano stresses that all coral reef ecosystems assessed by the organization are critically endangered, a finding he describes as "really surprising.

The warning from conservationists highlights a stark reality: despite their relatively small footprint in the ocean, coral reefs are home to an astonishing quarter of all marine species. This is not just about numbers - it's also about ecosystem resilience. If these delicate balances are disrupted, entire communities that rely on coral reefs for food and livelihoods will be severely impacted.

Coral reefs are often seen as a luxury, covering only 1% of the ocean's surface yet providing sustenance for over a billion people worldwide. They contribute significantly to local economies through fishing and tourism, not to mention protecting coastlines from erosion and storm damage. The loss of these ecosystems would have far-reaching consequences for human societies.

While some coral species may still survive in isolated pockets after a larger ecosystem collapses, their ability to reproduce would be severely compromised. Reproductive failure will happen" if the population size becomes too small, warns James Guest at Newcastle University. This is because corals rely on nearby mates to ensure successful fertilization of eggs and sperm.

Coral reefs found in deeper, colder waters are less biodiverse than their tropical counterparts and lack the symbiotic relationships between coral and algae that make shallow reefs so vibrant. These differences suggest that even if some corals were able to survive a collapse of larger ecosystems, they might not be able to recover or thrive on their own.

The loss of a single shallow-water coral reef ecosystem is a stark warning sign for the rest of the world's tropical corals. The western Galapagos Islands' reefs provide a cautionary tale after they lost 95% of their coral cover in the aftermath of a devastating marine heatwave triggered by the 1982/83 super El Niño climate phase.

This extreme weather event turned golden brush corals into white skeletons overgrown with string algae, marking one of the first recorded instances of ecosystem collapse. Since then, four mass bleaching events have ravaged many other coral populations around the world.

The delicate balance between corals and their symbiotic algae is crucial to their survival. These tiny plants live inside the coral's tissue and provide it with essential nutrients through photosynthesis. However, when stressed by rising temperatures or polluted waters, algae can release toxic compounds that harm the coral.

As a result, corals may temporarily expel the algae in self-defence, leaving them ghostly white. If this stress persists, the coral eventually starves to death due to its inability to obtain the necessary nutrients from the algae.

The projection by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) suggests that tropical coral reefs could collapse within 50 years if moderate emissions reductions are achieved. This outcome is based on a middle-of-the-road scenario, where some efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions are made.

However, not all shallow-water reefs may be doomed, as scientists acknowledge the possibility of corals adapting to rising temperatures at a rate of about 1°C per decade. While this increased tolerance could provide some protection against heatwaves, it is uncertain whether it would be sufficient in extreme cases.

Reducing emissions remains the most effective way to safeguard coral reefs, according to experts, who emphasize that natural adaptation and recovery can only occur if external pressures on these ecosystems are alleviated.

New Scientist: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2595378-all-tropical-coral-reefs-could-collapse-within-50-years/?utm_campaign=RSS|NSNS&utm_content=home&utm_medium=RSS&utm_source=NSNS

The storm, named Typhoon Champi, is expected to make landfall on the island's northeast coast on Friday and Saturday as it moves northwards towards China and Japan. According to Taiwan's Central Weather Administration (CWA), the typhoon is packing maximum sustained wind speeds of 213 kilometers per hour.

Typhoon Champi has been downgraded from a super typhoon, with previously reported maximum sustained winds of nearly 300 kph, but its intensity remains a concern for local residents. The storm's strong winds and heavy rains are expected to cause significant disruptions, with officials urging people to prepare accordingly.

Taiwanese President Lai Ching-te has taken to social media to warn the public about the impending storm, stating that everyone should remain vigilant and be prepared for the strong winds and heavy rains brought by Typhoon Champi.

The storm system Typhoon Champi continues to intensify as it bears down on Taiwan, with forecasters predicting heavy rainfall and strong winds for the region. In preparation for the severe weather, over 23,000 military personnel have been placed on standby to assist with rescue efforts.

Air travel has also been severely impacted, with more than 150 domestic and international flights canceled for Thursday due to the approaching storm. The cancellations are a precautionary measure aimed at minimizing risks associated with flying in adverse weather conditions.

According to CWA forecaster Jason Cheng, Typhoon Champi is expected to have its most significant impact from tomorrow through the first half of Saturday, bringing torrential rains and powerful gusts to affected areas. Cheng noted that while the typhoon's storm radius is substantial, spanning 320 kilometers, it is not as extensive as that of previous storm Typhoon Bavi.

Meanwhile, millions of people in eastern China are bracing for heavy downpours and flash flooding in the coming days, prompting China's Ministry of Water Resources to initiate a level four emergency response for flooding in Shanghai and several coastal provinces.

Taiwan is taking precautions as Typhoon Champi approaches, with the ministry warning of significant rainfall from Friday to Sunday. Heavy downpours are expected in areas including most of Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang, where residents can anticipate disruptions to their daily lives.

In response to the impending storm, Japan's two major airlines have canceled over 110 flights from Thursday to Saturday, affecting thousands of passengers. Meanwhile, the United Nations has sounded a warning about the impact of El Niño on global weather patterns. This natural climate cycle is expected to peak in December but will have far-reaching consequences lasting into 2027 and beyond.

The warming phase of El Niño temporarily raises sea temperatures in the tropical Pacific, triggering changes that can lead to droughts or floods and exacerbate the effects of human-induced global warming.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-taiwan-issues-typhoon-champi-nears.html

The state experienced this phenomenon in 1982-83, when one of the most destructive El Niño winters on record battered the coastline with torrential rain and huge waves. The combination of high sea levels, astronomical tides, and multiple storms created a perfect storm that left a trail of devastation in its wake.

In Southern California, the impact was particularly severe, as powerful waves destroyed sections of several piers, including the iconic Santa Monica Pier, which lost one-third of its structure. Other piers, such as those at Huntington Beach, Paradise Cove, Seal Beach, San Clemente, and Malibu, also suffered significant damage.

The destruction was not limited to just pier structures; numerous seawalls, decks, and stairways were torn apart, while 33 oceanfront homes were destroyed in the storm. Millions of cubic yards of sand were stripped from Southern California beaches, causing widespread erosion.

Along the central coast, waves and high-tide flooding took a toll on the coastline, with bluffs eroding at an alarming rate. In Pacifica, just outside San Francisco, a 65-foot section of a bluff collapsed onto the beach, forcing the relocation of a two-story building and removal of an entire row of mobile homes.

As a result of this erosion, many bluff-top homes and apartments were eventually demolished in the area, highlighting the fragility of California's coastline despite its rugged appearance.

The El Niño phenomenon is building once again, and this time it's expected to be even more intense than previous events.

As a coastal geologist with years of experience studying California's coastlines, I can attest that the conditions this year are ripe for significant damage. With the strong El Niño forecasted for 2026-27, homes along the coast are already experiencing issues due to increased erosion and flooding.

The El Niño climate pattern is characterized by a shift in wind patterns that normally push warm waters from east to west along the equator. However, when these trade winds die down, the warm water pool in the western Pacific begins to flow back towards South America, causing a ripple effect on global weather patterns.

This phenomenon can have far-reaching consequences, including powerful atmospheric river storms with heavy downpours that can wreak havoc on normally dry areas. Meanwhile, regions that are typically wet may experience droughts due to the disruption of usual weather patterns.

As the warm water mass moves north towards California as a Kelvin wave, it brings significant impacts to the coast. One of the main concerns is the rise in sea level along the Pacific Coast, which can be elevated by up to 2 feet during these periodic events.

The effects of El Niño on sea levels are well-documented, with the 1982-83 event being a prime example. During this time, sea levels were significantly higher than predicted high tides in cities like San Diego and San Francisco, highlighting the potential for devastating consequences along California's coastlines.

The prolonged exposure of California's coastlines to elevated sea levels during an El Niño event can have far-reaching consequences for both public and private infrastructure.

When sea levels are higher than usual, they can penetrate further inland, causing erosion and damage to coastal areas that were previously thought to be safe. This can lead to the destruction of homes, businesses, and other structures built along the coast.

The combination of high sea levels and storm waves can also cause significant damage to public infrastructure such as streets, highways, bridges, piers, parks, and recreational facilities. The impact is not limited to private property; entire communities are affected by the loss of essential services and amenities.

Much of California's coastal development took place during a period of rapid population growth from the late 1940s to the late 1970s when there were few concerns about coastal hazards and sea-level rise. This lack of awareness led to the construction of homes, businesses, and other structures on beaches, bluffs, and dunes.

The arrival of El Niño in 1978 marked a turning point in California's understanding of its vulnerability to coastal hazards. The extreme event that followed just a few years later, the 1982-83 El Niño, caused significant damage to oceanfront property, recreational facilities, and large engineering structures designed to protect harbors from storm waves.

The aftermath of the 1982-83 El Niño event led to a significant shift in the way people perceived the stability of oceanfront homes and shoreline development. Building restrictions were tightened, insurance rates increased, and many applications for new seawall permits were submitted.

However, this newfound awareness was short-lived as coastal residents returned to their usual habits. The allure of owning an oceanfront property proved too great, with buyers competing fiercely for properties that had been damaged just a few years prior.

In the years following the 1982-83 El Niño, California's coast experienced several large El Niño events, including those in 1997-98 and 2015-16. While these events caused significant damage, the increased use of coastal armoring, such as seawalls and rock revetments, helped to mitigate erosion.

Additionally, the timing of large waves during these events coincided with low points in the monthly tidal cycle, resulting in less property damage than what was seen in 1982-83. This fortunate coincidence allowed for some degree of protection from the full force of the storms.

The state's coast suffered a major blow in winter 2022-23 when high seas and waves caused an estimated $4.7 billion in economic losses along California's coastline. The combination of large storm waves, high tides, and elevated sea levels was eerily similar to the conditions experienced during early 1983.

The state's latest climate assessment warns that more intense storms and increased erosion are on the horizon as temperatures rise and sea levels continue to increase. This warning has already been borne out in recent events, with the southern end of the state experiencing wave damage from an exceptionally busy Pacific hurricane season, also fueled by El Niño conditions.

The severity of the emerging El Niño event is making it increasingly clear that coastal communities must prepare for a future where their current shoreline protection measures will not be sufficient.

Each coastal neighborhood, city, and county has unique conditions and vulnerabilities to erosion and flooding, which will dictate how they respond to this new reality. While some are taking proactive steps such as stockpiling sandbags, clearing culverts, and developing evacuation plans, these efforts have their limitations when it comes to halting erosion.

Building seawalls and rock revetments can provide temporary protection if designed correctly, but they also pose risks by altering the shoreline's natural dynamics. For instance, over time, these structures can lead to the loss of beaches as sea levels continue to rise. Moreover, adding more sand to eroded areas is a costly endeavor with limited long-term benefits.

The cumulative effects of extensive shoreline development, eroding bluffs, aging infrastructure, and increased exposure to extreme weather events are placing immense pressure on coastal communities worldwide. Eventually, some will face the daunting task of transitioning from continuous shoreline protection to retreating from the coast, either through planned retreats or repeated damage.

As the El Niño event unfolds, it has become evident that there is little developed coastal areas can do at this point to mitigate its impacts. Instead, they must focus on preparing to manage associated risks and adapting to an ever-changing future.

California's coast is once again facing the threat of severe erosion due to El Niño conditions, which have been linked to devastating coastal damage in the past.

The state's fragile coastline has been battered by strong waves and storm surges, putting communities at risk. In contrast, a more proactive approach was taken during the 1982-83 El Niño event, where scientists were able to provide critical information on potential erosion risks to policymakers.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-el-nio-threatening-california-fragile.html

On the opposite side of the Pacific, areas around Australia and the Coral Triangle can expect falling sea levels due to the El Niño phenomenon. This decrease in sea level poses a significant threat to mangrove forests, corals, and seagrass meadows in these regions. The consequences could be severe, with mass die-offs of mangroves potentially occurring.

Research suggests that during previous super El Niños in 1982/83 and 2015/16, there were widespread diebacks of mangrove forests along northern Australia's shoreline. Norman Duke at James Cook University has noted this trend, highlighting the vulnerability of these ecosystems to sea level fluctuations.

The severe die-off of mangroves in the Gulf of Carpentaria during the 2015 El Niño event is a stark example of what can happen when sea levels drop by as much as 40-50 centimetres for an extended period of at least six months. The extent of any similar or more severe impact this time around will depend on various factors, including rainfall in the affected regions.

The impact of El Niño on sea levels is having a profound effect on coastal ecosystems in the western Pacific. In regions where trade winds normally push warm water towards Australia's northeastern coast, these winds are weakening or reversing during this strong El Niño event.

As a result, the accumulated warmth is being released across the Pacific, causing a noticeable "see-saw" effect in sea levels. While the eastern Pacific near the equator is experiencing unusually high sea levels of up to 40 cm above normal, parts of the western Pacific, including northern Australia and the Coral Triangle, are seeing significantly lower sea levels.

The situation is particularly challenging for mangrove forests, which thrive in the upper part of the tidal range. If the tidal range decreases simultaneously with falling sea levels, these ecosystems can become stranded high above the waterline, leaving them vulnerable to damage or even extinction.

The ongoing El Niño phenomenon is expected to bring a mix of higher-than-normal tidal ranges and falling sea levels in certain areas, posing significant challenges for sensitive ecosystems like mangroves and corals.

In the Gulf of Carpentaria, the increased tidal range may help mitigate the risk of dieback, but sea levels are likely to drop even lower than they did during the 2015 event. This discrepancy highlights the complex interactions between El Niño-driven sea level fluctuations and tidal dynamics.

Along the western coastline of the gulf, however, the tidal range is expected to be smaller than usual, according to Saintilan's analysis. The implications of this are far-reaching, as tidal ecosystems around the Pacific are only just beginning to reveal their full vulnerability to these changes.

Changes in sea level have already been shown to impact mangrove health, with a 2025 satellite study finding that nearly one-third of global anomalies in mangrove leaf area index were caused by sea-level fluctuations. Corals and seagrass meadows also stand to suffer, as shallow reefs and meadows are left exposed during low tide and vulnerable to drying out or increased temperatures.

The impact of El Niño's sea-level drop is expected to extend beyond coral reefs to other coastal ecosystems. Mangroves, which are crucial nurseries for juvenile fish and provide vital shoreline protection, will also be affected as they become exposed during low tide.

Marine heatwaves have been a major contributor to the die-off of corals in the western Pacific, but research suggests that the sea-level drop may play a significant role as well. However, studies attempting to quantify this contribution are lacking, with experts struggling to convince colleagues of its importance.

The neglect of this issue is particularly concerning given the extensive damage El Niño has already caused to coral reefs and other habitats in the region.

New Scientist: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2594961-falling-sea-levels-due-to-el-nino-will-hit-mangroves-and-corals/?utm_campaign=RSS|NSNS&utm_content=home&utm_medium=RSS&utm_source=NSNS

The image was created using data from the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) onboard the Sentinel-3B, a highly advanced satellite designed to monitor the Earth's surface. The thermal image reveals areas of extremely high temperatures across various parts of Southern Europe, including Spain, France, and Italy.

Dark reds dominate the terrestrial landscape in the image, indicating land surface temperatures exceeding 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius) across most of Spain and parts of France and Italy. In contrast, dark purple spots signify even higher highs above 104 F (40 C) in specific patches of Spain and North Africa.

The thermal image also highlights sea surface temperatures spiking across the Mediterranean Sea, a crucial body of water that connects Southern Europe with North Africa. This phenomenon has significant implications for regional weather patterns and marine ecosystems.

Simonetta Cheli, director of Earth observation programs at ESA and head of the European Space Research Institute (ESRIN) in Frascati, Italy, selected this image for its striking portrayal of extreme heat waves affecting the region. When asked about her favorite satellite image from this year, she highlighted this photo as one that caught her eye.

The use of advanced satellite technology has enabled scientists to monitor and analyze these extreme weather events with unprecedented precision. By studying data collected by satellites like Sentinel-3B, researchers can gain valuable insights into climate patterns and better understand the causes and consequences of heat waves in Southern Europe.

The satellite image capturing Europe's record-breaking summer heat wave is a striking visual representation of the extreme weather conditions that have been affecting the continent. The image, taken by ESA's orbiting spacecraft, shows both land and sea areas turned red due to high temperatures.

According to an ESA official, assessing how terrestrial and marine environments interact during such events is crucial for understanding their impact. By combining data from both environments in a single image, researchers can appreciate the full extent of heat waves like this one.

The official views satellite images related to climate change as a source of hope rather than despair. These images demonstrate the ability of orbiting spacecraft to monitor subtle changes on Earth's surface and provide valuable insights into environmental phenomena.

ESA's capacity to track extreme weather events is expected to improve with the launch of new-and-improved satellites, such as Sentinel-3C, which was successfully launched in September. This successor to the spacecraft that captured the heat wave image has already taken its first photos of Earth and will aid in studying future heat waves in greater detail.

As ESA continues to enhance its satellite capabilities, researchers will have access to more precise data on climate patterns and extreme weather events like this summer's record-breaking heat wave in Europe.

The European summer of 2023 will be remembered as one of the hottest on record, with at least five separate heat waves sweeping across the continent between late May and mid-August. The prolonged period of high temperatures led to widespread droughts, some of which are still ongoing, and several devastating wildfires.

The peak temperature was reached in June, when Western Europe recorded its highest average monthly temperature ever, according to the World Meteorological Organization. This average takes into account both daytime and nighttime temperatures, explaining why it may seem relatively low compared to other reported temperatures.

A total of eight countries - Austria, Belarus, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia - experienced their highest land surface temperature on record at various points during the summer. Several other nations also set new temperature records for specific months or regions, underscoring the severity of the heat wave.

The extreme weather had far-reaching consequences, including at least 35,000 excess deaths across Europe, although experts believe the actual number may be significantly higher. The high temperatures were linked to several large wildfires in France, among other areas.

The prolonged heat waves can be attributed to "heat domes," pockets of high atmospheric pressure that trap warm air beneath them, much like a lid on top of a boiling pot. These heat domes are also associated with increased sea surface temperatures, which contribute to the extreme weather conditions.

The record-breaking heat waves sweeping across Europe are not a direct result of the ongoing super El Niño event that began in May. According to the European Space Agency (ESA), the Pacific Ocean temperatures have indeed reached unprecedented levels, but this phenomenon has no bearing on the extreme weather conditions observed in Europe.

Instead, the ESA attributes these record temperatures to the continuation of global warming trends that have been unfolding over recent years. This ongoing process is driving temperatures upwards and contributing to the extreme heat waves being experienced across various regions.

The potential impact of El Niño is not limited to this summer's heat waves. In fact, the super El Niño event could lead to even more extreme weather conditions during the winter months in both Europe and North America. This is a concern that climate experts are closely monitoring.

A recent satellite image has captured a striking scene of Taiwan's Yunlin County, where tens of thousands of size-restricted farms have been tightly packed into a small area. The island's agricultural sector relies heavily on these farms to produce the majority of its food supplies.

The effects of extreme weather events can be seen in various parts of the world. A recent satellite image has also captured sediment swirling across the West Florida Shelf, following an intense cold snap that brought snow to large areas of the eastern United States.

The European Space Agency (ESA) has released a striking satellite image of Europe's record-breaking summer heat waves. The photograph captures the intense heat that gripped the continent in July and August, with temperatures soaring to unprecedented levels.

The heat wave was particularly severe in Western Europe, where it caused widespread droughts and wildfires. A recent satellite image has also captured sediment swirling across the West Florida Shelf, following an intense cold snap that brought snow to large areas of the eastern United States. This unusual phenomenon highlights the complex global weather patterns at play during extreme climate events.

Live Science: https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/weather/it-makes-me-feel-that-we-can-do-a-lot-about-it-esa-official-shares-striking-satellite-snap-of-europes-record-breaking-summer-heat-waves-earth-from-space

According to the Our Atmosphere and Climate 2026 report, New Zealand has warmed by 1.36°C since record-keeping began in 1909, with seven of its ten warmest years occurring within the last decade alone. This trend indicates that the country's climate is entering uncharted territory.

The nation's carbon dioxide levels have increased significantly, rising by 30% since 1972 and doubling over the past five decades, as measured at a monitoring station at Baring Head. Globally, CO₂ levels are now higher than they have been for millions of years.

Ocean surface temperatures around New Zealand are warming at an alarming rate, increasing 34% faster than the global average, with the Tasman Sea region becoming a hotspot for marine heat waves.

The ongoing warming trend is expected to accelerate the loss of glacial ice in New Zealand, a process that has already been dramatic. Glaciers are projected to lose between 50% and 85% of their remaining mass this century, with some potentially disappearing altogether if greenhouse gas emissions are not reduced rapidly.

Weather patterns will also become more extreme, particularly during El Niño events. This summer, parts of the country can expect heavier rainfall in the west of the South Island, while eastern regions may experience even drier conditions due to increased drought intensity.

New Zealand's contribution to global emissions is a significant issue that needs addressing. Despite making up only 0.06% of the world's population, New Zealanders account for a disproportionately large share of total emissions at 0.17%. On a per capita basis, they rank among the top 40 emitters globally.

The report emphasizes that background warming trends are not just a concern but also highlights changes in episodic extreme events. These can have devastating consequences, including loss of life and damage to infrastructure, housing, and livelihoods.

Increased temperatures will lead to more frequent and severe droughts, heatwaves, and fires, while flooding is likely to become more intense. Conversely, cold extremes are expected to become rarer, with significant implications for water and food security.

The projected sea-level rise around New Zealand's coasts will continue for centuries, with far-reaching consequences for coastal communities and ecosystems. As the land is sinking in many areas, the increasing water levels will put immense pressure on coastal infrastructure and private property.

Coastal floods are likely to become a major concern, with virtually inevitable loss of infrastructure and private property over the course of this century and beyond. This scenario poses significant challenges for coastal communities that rely heavily on their surroundings.

Climate impacts in New Zealand are not evenly distributed, and different communities will be affected in varying ways. Māori communities and business interests are particularly exposed to climate-related risks due to their economic and social dependence on the environment.

Many marae, which are sacred sites for Māori people, are located in coastal areas or floodplains, making them vulnerable to flooding. Furthermore, over 80% of Māori households face a high risk of being affected by floods.

Agricultural businesses owned by Māori communities often focus on sectors such as farming and aquaculture, which are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. This exposure poses significant risks for these businesses, as they struggle to adapt to changing weather patterns.

Climate change is having a profound effect on commercial fish stocks in New Zealand's oceans. Rising temperatures are causing fish to move to different areas, resulting in reduced catches for fishermen. Furthermore, algal blooms and marine heat waves will likely affect the production of farmed salmon and shellfish.

Tourism, another significant sector in New Zealand, is also expected to suffer as a result of climate change. The country has already seen a decline in tourist numbers following extreme weather events such as Tropical Cyclone Gabrielle. This trend is likely to continue due to increasing costs and desirability of international travel.

Flooding and landslides caused by climate-related events can have severe consequences for regional communities, particularly when multiple events occur consecutively. For instance, the Auckland Anniversary weekend floods were preceded by several heavy rain events that left soils saturated, exacerbating the damage.

The key to mitigating New Zealand's climate change impacts lies in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and transport sectors.

These sectors are responsible for most of the country's emissions, making it crucial to address them as part of New Zealand's obligations under the Paris Agreement.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-nz-climate-uncharted-territory-extreme.html

The eastern Pacific has seen dramatic sea-level rises, with levels currently 40 centimeters above normal. This phenomenon is expected to worsen in the coming weeks due to a strong westerly wind event that will drive sea levels even higher. As a result, coastal areas from Alaska to Chile are bracing for flooding and erosion.

Experts warn of frequent and possibly severe coastal inundation in many regions, with significant disruption and damage likely to occur. The extreme tides exacerbated by El Niño's effects on the equatorial Pacific are creating ideal conditions for record-breaking sea levels. This unprecedented rise in ocean levels is already having a devastating impact on communities worldwide.

The combination of factors contributing to this crisis includes the seesaw-like shift in sea levels caused by El Niño, with falling levels in the west and rising levels in the east.

The movement of warm water across the Pacific Ocean is being driven by unusual bursts of wind that blow in the opposite direction to the usual trade winds. This phenomenon triggers Kelvin waves, which are distinct from normal ocean waves and play a key role in shaping sea levels during El Niño events.

Kelvin waves take approximately 60 days to travel across the Pacific and then continue along coastlines, resulting in sustained rises in sea level that can persist for months. These changes will peak with the highest sea surface temperatures, which are currently projected to occur around late November or December.

The exceptional nature of this El Niño event means that its impact on sea levels will also be unusually pronounced. Research by Thomas Monahan and his colleagues has found that strong El Niño events amplify changes in sea level, rather than following a linear pattern.

This amplification effect can lead to significant variations in sea level rise, particularly near the equator. Based on analysis of past events, Monahan's team estimates that sea levels could increase by between 24 and 40 centimeters in the Galapagos islands, depending on the strength of this El Niño event.

The changes in sea level will be most pronounced nearest the equator, where the effects of Kelvin waves are most pronounced. This has significant implications for coastal communities and ecosystems, which may experience unprecedented flooding and disruption as a result of these extreme sea level rises.

As the effects of El Niño spread across the globe, coastal communities in Peru and Ecuador are bracing themselves for significant sea level rises. According to estimates, these regions can expect increases of between 19 and 33 centimeters.

This increase is not just a result of El Niño's impact, but also the cumulative effect of global warming over the past century. Since 1900, the global mean sea level has risen by 20 centimeters due to climate change.

Even if this El Niño event doesn't reach the same intensity as the one in 1877-78, the resulting sea-level rises will still surpass those experienced during that time. The situation is further complicated by the fact that these increases are already taking place on top of existing sea level rise.

The impact of El Niño's effects are not limited to South America, however. Along the west coast of North America, several factors come into play, including extra high tides caused by long-term lunar cycles.

The combination of extra high tides and massive waves whipped up by storms during El Niño events poses a significant threat to coastal areas on the west coast of North America.

When storm surges coincide with these extreme weather conditions, the risk of coastal flooding and erosion increases dramatically, leading to potentially catastrophic consequences. In fact, the 2015/16 El Niño event saw waves as high as 15 meters hit Oregon, a record that still stands today for the US coastline.

The confluence of these factors is especially concerning in California, where extreme rainfall is also expected due to El Niño. According to experts, this could lead to flooding on a scale not seen before, potentially rivaling or even exceeding historical records by a significant margin.

New Scientist: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2594376-el-nino-is-dramatically-increasing-sea-levels-how-bad-could-it-get/?utm_campaign=RSS|NSNS&utm_content=home&utm_medium=RSS&utm_source=NSNS

The differing opinions on the strength of this year's El Niño highlight a fundamental issue in measuring the climate phenomenon - different methods used by meteorological agencies make direct comparisons challenging.

Climate scientist Emily Becker from the University of Miami emphasizes that any assessment of El Niño's strength is complex and requires careful analysis. According to Becker, only after this year's event has passed will scientists be able to accurately determine its magnitude and place it within the context of historical climate patterns.

The Pacific Ocean's El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) serves as a major driver of global climate variability, with trade winds normally blowing from east to west along the equator. This natural process pushes warm water from South America towards Asia, while cold water rises from the depths to replace it.

The natural process that drives El Niño events is complex and ongoing. As warm water from South America moves towards Asia, it creates a ripple effect on global weather patterns. The trade winds weaken and shift, causing warm water to be pushed back east towards the Americas.

This change in ocean heat distribution has far-reaching consequences for global climate conditions. Some regions become cooler and wetter due to the altered atmospheric circulation, while others experience increased temperatures and droughts. The shifting of ocean heat into the atmosphere is a key factor in shaping these regional weather patterns.

The Met Office has highlighted the significance of raw temperature readings in the Pacific Ocean. According to its observations, sea-surface temperatures in the central equatorial Pacific have exceeded levels recorded during previous El Niño events. This is a crucial indicator of the event's intensity and potential impact on global climate conditions.

However, there are different ways to measure an El Niño event's strength, including looking at anomalies rather than absolute temperatures. The Japan Meteorological Agency has taken this approach in declaring this year's El Niño the strongest on record based on sea surface temperature anomalies in the Nino3 region of the eastern Pacific.

The way El Niño is measured has been a topic of discussion among climate experts, particularly when it comes to determining what constitutes normal" temperatures in the Pacific Ocean.

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has shifted its approach with the introduction of the Relative Oceanic Niño Index (RONI), which takes into account how warm or cool the east-central Pacific is compared to the rest of the tropical ocean.

This change acknowledges that climate change is causing oceans worldwide to warm, making it necessary for the baseline temperature average to be updated regularly. The RONI index measures temperatures against a 30-year average, but also considers the difference in temperature between the east-central Pacific and other tropical regions.

The WMO is following suit by transitioning from its long-used Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), which compared temperatures to a static 30-year baseline that was updated every five years. This shift aims to better reflect the impacts of climate change on global weather patterns.

The old index used to measure El Niño and La Niña events has been found to be inconsistent, with some years producing stronger effects than their rating suggested.

NOAA's latest projections indicate that this year's El Niño could potentially become the strongest on record, surpassing those of 1982-83, 2015-16, and 1997-98. The organization is monitoring the three-month average RONI anomaly, which needs to reach 2.5C or higher for it to be considered a record-breaker.

The chances of this El Niño becoming the strongest on record are currently rated as high, but not yet certain.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-el-nio.html

These countries stand out among their peers as they have made significant efforts to consider the impact of climate change on public health in their policies. In contrast, some major emitters such as Japan, New Zealand, and India are failing to adequately address the health implications of climate change in their national plans.

The report highlights that many governments are missing opportunities to tackle air pollution and protect public health at the same time as addressing climate change. Only a handful of countries, including Cambodia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Paraguay, have set targets to reduce black carbon emissions, which is a major contributor to global heating and air pollution.

Black carbon is particularly hazardous as it contributes to severe health problems. The report emphasizes that reducing its emissions can bring significant benefits for both human health and the environment.

The study's lead researcher, Dr. Nova Tebbe, notes that the Healthy NDC Scorecard provides a valuable tool for evaluating how governments are considering health in their climate planning.

The scorecard assesses whether countries' climate commitments match their ambitions to reduce emissions and protect public health. It also compares intended actions with actual air pollution mortality.

Dr. Tebbe stresses that the human impact of climate change is becoming increasingly apparent, and it is imperative for governments to take action now to integrate health into their policies.

Rapid reductions in short-lived climate pollutants such as black carbon can have multiple benefits, including slowing global heating, improving public health, and saving costs. However, more ambitious efforts are needed to dramatically reduce CO2 emissions to prevent long-term damage to human health.

Climate change is having a devastating impact on human health worldwide, with severe weather events and air pollution causing widespread harm.

The situation is particularly dire in regions affected by El Niño conditions, where extreme weather patterns are intensifying the effects of climate change. In recent months, Nepal has experienced deadly floods that have claimed hundreds of lives, while millions of children in Eastern and Southern Africa face the risk of hunger due to drought and food shortages.

In addition to these events, heat-related mortality has been on the rise in Europe and the United States, with widespread wildfires also raging across Canada. These disasters highlight the urgent need for governments to take immediate action to protect public health from climate change.

Air quality is a critical aspect of effective climate action, and policymakers must recognize that addressing air pollution is essential to preventing long-term damage to human health. By integrating health and air quality considerations into climate policies, governments can maximize economic benefits, build public support, and protect populations from the impacts of climate change.

The NDC Scorecard provides a valuable tool for policymakers to assess their countries' progress on climate action and identify areas where more effort is needed. This scorecard highlights strengths and gaps in climate plans, showcases good practices from around the world, and enables countries to compare their performance with others.

By using the NDC Scorecard, governments can take a more comprehensive approach to addressing climate change, one that prioritizes public health and well-being alongside economic and environmental goals.

The latest analysis of national climate commitments reveals stark differences in how governments recognize the links between climate change and public health. The NDC Scorecard assesses the plans submitted by countries to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, highlighting those that prioritize both economic and environmental goals alongside human well-being.

Colombia stands out as a top performer, earning 29 out of 32 possible points for its comprehensive approach to addressing climate change. This is closely followed by Nigeria and Cambodia, which also demonstrate a strong commitment to protecting their citizens from the impacts of climate change. Other low- and middle-income countries are also among the top scorers on the NDC Scorecard.

In contrast, some high-emitting nations fall short in recognizing the links between climate change and human health. Japan, India, and New Zealand are notable examples, achieving just two points each on the scorecard. This indicates a lack of consideration for the potential health impacts of their climate policies, which could leave citizens vulnerable to the effects of pollution and other environmental hazards.

The emissions reduction targets set by these countries also raise concerns about their alignment with the Paris Agreement. Japan and India's goals have been assessed as being inconsistent with the agreement, posing significant risks to public health. India, in particular, carries a high burden of air pollution-related mortality but fails to address this issue in its NDCs.

Other high-emitting nations that fail to commit to their fair share of emissions reductions include the Republic of Korea, Russia, Brazil, and Australia, China, and the U.K., which all score less than 10 points on the scorecard. These countries are not prioritizing public health alongside economic and environmental goals in their climate plans.

While some high-emitting nations do receive higher scores for their attention to health, this is often not matched by ambitious emissions reduction targets. Indonesia, the EU, South Africa, Türkiye, Canada, and the UAE all fall into this category, with scores ranging from 11 to 19 points on the scorecard. However, these countries' climate plans may still risk worsening health impacts over time due to inadequate commitments.

Notably, the EU is an exception among high-emitting nations in prioritizing public health alongside economic and environmental goals. Its NDC outlines a specific target for air pollution reduction, including a plan to fully phase out hydrofluorocarbons by 2050. This commitment demonstrates a more comprehensive approach to addressing climate change.

The stark differences between countries' approaches to climate policy highlight the need for governments to prioritize public health alongside economic and environmental goals. By using the NDC Scorecard, policymakers can identify areas where their commitments fall short and take steps to strengthen their policies and protect citizens from the impacts of climate change.

Air pollution is a significant contributor to global heating, driving temperatures up faster than carbon dioxide. In addition to their greenhouse gas emissions, countries are also failing to address other major "superpollutants such as black carbon, nitrous oxide and ozone, which have severe impacts on human health.

These pollutants not only accelerate climate change but also cause harm through air pollution, leading to a range of health problems for individuals. The lack of attention paid to these superpollutants is particularly concerning given their rapid contribution to global heating.

The United States was analyzed in the study despite its current withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. Its National Determined Contribution (NDC) received a relatively low score for its health impacts, with national climate policies deemed highly insufficient" or "critically insufficient" to meet the agreement's targets.

Countries that prioritize health and take ambitious action to reduce emissions are reaping significant benefits. Nigeria is one such example, demonstrating high levels of climate ambition while also implementing plans to address air pollution.

The Republic of Moldova has made a notable commitment to addressing air pollution by developing a National Short-Lived Climate Pollutants Plan. Similarly, Nigeria and Paraguay have already implemented such plans, highlighting the importance of considering health co-benefits.

Air quality funding remains woefully inadequate despite its critical role in protecting human health. The latest State of Global Air Quality Funding report reveals that outdoor air quality funding accounts for less than 1% of development funding, despite the fact that air pollution impacts are estimated to cost countries 5% of their GDP.

Data on air pollution mortality underscores the urgent need for increased finance and action to address this critical issue. Countries like Nigeria and Nepal have made efforts to address air pollutants but continue to face exceptionally high rates of air pollution-related deaths.

By neglecting to prioritize health alongside emissions reductions, governments risk overwhelming their healthcare systems with the compounding impacts of climate change and air pollution.

The Global Climate and Health Alliance emphasizes that countries in the Global South have received top scores on a health-focused climate scorecard, highlighting the stark reality that these nations cannot afford to separate climate change from public health concerns.

These developing countries rely heavily on external funding for the implementation of their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), with a significant proportion of this finance expected to come from developed countries in line with Article 9.1 of the Paris Agreement.

The Alliance's policy lead, Jess Beagley, notes that high-emitting countries have a responsibility not only to reduce their own emissions but also to provide urgent funding for the reduction of short-lived climate pollutants, which pose an immediate threat to human health.

COP31 will offer a crucial opportunity for governments to elevate national priorities and secure global commitment on critical issues such as climate finance. Beagley highlights that a proposed agenda item on a climate finance work program could focus on developed countries' obligations under the Paris Agreement to provide developing nations with climate funding.

Without sufficient financing, the burden on healthcare systems will be overwhelming, exacerbating the compounding impacts of climate change and air pollution. The Alliance stresses that this issue cannot be ignored, particularly given the current state of global health.

The scorecard evaluation methodology involves a qualitative coding and point-based system across eight key categories, comparing the inclusion of health in NDCs to available data on emissions reduction ambition and air pollution mortality.

As COP31 marks the start of the second global stocktake, Beagley emphasizes that governments must translate national advances into effective global policies. This includes avoiding backsliding on previously agreed calls for a just transition away from fossil fuels, which is essential for public health.

Colombia has earned top marks for its efforts to protect public health from climate change, according to a recent scorecard.

The country has demonstrated a strong commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to cleaner energy sources, setting an example for other nations to follow. In contrast, high-emitting countries have been criticized for doing too little to address the issue, with some even backtracking on previous agreements to phase out fossil fuels.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-scorecard-colombia-high-emitting-countries.html

The number of fires in the Amazon biome has tripled since October 4, when Brazilians voted in the first round of national elections. The two leading candidates from that election - Senator Flávio Bolsonaro and President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva - are set to face each other again in a runoff on October 25.

Environment Minister João Paulo Capobianco has indicated that there may have been a premeditated effort to start the fires, following observations of deliberate patterns in the burned areas. He flew over the affected regions with enforcement officials on Sunday and Wednesday, noting geometric patterns in some of the fire sites.

The wildfires are particularly affecting Amazonas and Para states, causing widespread disruption to daily life in Manaus, the capital of Amazonas and Brazil's largest Amazonian city. Public school classes have been canceled, and residents have been advised to wear face masks due to heavy smoke.

Monitoring of social media posts about Amazon wildfires by Barometro has revealed a notable trend among conservative politicians in the region. The tool, developed by FALA, part of the Climate Action Against Disinformation coalition, analyzed 165 posts from 41 politicians and found that nearly 55% came from right-leaning individuals.

The analysis showed that as the fires raged on, personal publications gave way to heated political debates. Local politicians began claiming credit for firefighting efforts or accusing authorities of failing to act in a timely manner.

According to the report, "the same issue serves simultaneously as a public health warning, an environmental policy agenda and a campaign tool." This statement highlights the complex nature of the Amazon wildfires, which have become a contentious issue in Brazil's politics.

The fires have also spilled over into the country's election campaign, where forest protection and climate change have received little attention until now. Deforestation in the Amazon surged under former President Bolsonaro but has since decreased under his successor Lula.

Politicians from the Bolsonaro camp, including Flávio Bolsonaro, have been accused of using the wildfires as a political tool. In speeches, he called for modernizing environmental laws, which many see as an attempt to loosen regulations and protect the interests of powerful groups.

The Brazilian government has acknowledged the growing concern over Amazon wildfires that have disrupted daily life in the region. President Lula's administration has pledged support to the firefighting efforts, with resources being sent from the federal government to aid in the battle against the blazes.

In a video message posted on X on Saturday, the president assured the people of Amazonas that they could count on the federal government for assistance during this challenging time. He emphasized the importance of protecting lives and preserving the forest while supporting those affected by the emergency.

For residents like biologist Susana Braz, who studies the impact of toxic ash from wildfires on local rivers, living with smoke-filled air has become a daily reality. She described her own home as feeling like a barbecue grill due to the thick smoke that permeates every room.

The prolonged exposure to smoke has taken its toll on people's lives, with many struggling to cope with the frustration and uncertainty of living in such conditions. "Are we really going to accept this smoke as normal?" Braz asked, highlighting the psychological impact of enduring such environmental degradation.

The Amazon region plays a vital role in regulating global weather patterns, storing vast amounts of carbon and releasing moisture that has far-reaching effects on climate worldwide. However, climate change and deforestation have made it hotter, drier, and more susceptible to wildfires, exacerbated by recurring climate patterns like El Niño.

Human activity remains the primary cause of wildfires in the Amazon region, with most ignitions resulting from efforts to renew pastures or clear land for agricultural purposes.

Ane Alencar, science director at Brazil's Amazon Environmental Research Institute, points out that during extremely dry periods, these fires can easily get out of control and spread rapidly. This is particularly concerning given the current drought conditions in the region.

The expected increase in fire counts due to El Niño has already been observed, with a significant spike in fire hot spots over the past 10 days compared to the preceding period. Notably, this surge occurred mainly around Manaus, a city located deep within the Amazon rainforest.

João Morita, a coordinator at ICMBio, which manages Brazil's protected areas, attributes the recent increase in wildfires to various factors, including the deliberate burning of crop plots by residents of national forests, despite a ban on such activities.

The Amazonas government has taken decisive action to address the growing concern of wildfires in the region. A state of emergency was declared in municipalities affected by the fires, following a meeting between local officials and federal authorities over the weekend.

This measure is aimed at mitigating the impact of worsening climate conditions caused by El Niño, which has led to below-average rainfall and high temperatures that favor the spread of fires. As the situation continues to unfold, it remains to be seen how effective these emergency measures will be in containing the wildfires and restoring normalcy to daily life in the affected areas.

ABC News International: https://abcnews.com/International/wireStory/brazil-investigates-amazon-wildfires-disrupt-daily-life-fueled-137285901

The region has experienced regular wildfires in the past, but this year's blazes have been particularly intense and unpredictable. According to Pedro Barraza, managing director of South America at andBeyond, strong winds can cause fires to spread beyond control when farmers clear their land for planting. This has become a recurring issue in the Cusco region.

The wildfires are being fueled by higher-than-normal temperatures and drier conditions brought on by El Niño, which is expected to have a significant impact on seasonal wildfires in Peru's Andean highlands. Barraza notes that these unusual weather patterns have shifted "the timing and behavior of seasonal wildfires," making them more difficult to control than usual.

Local authorities are scrambling to contain the spreading flames, deploying firefighters, army personnel, and a specialized water plane to the affected areas. However, residents and social media users claim that the response has been slow, with many expressing concerns about the safety of tourists in the region.

The ongoing wildfires in Peru's Cusco region have raised concerns about their impact on tourist areas. However, officials claim that major sites like Machu Picchu remain unaffected by the fires.

While significant fires have ravaged remote highland areas over the past month, resulting in casualties, nearby popular attractions are still open to visitors and operating as usual. The Cusco region is vast, with many different areas, and the presence of a wildfire in one location does not necessarily mean that other tourist destinations will be affected.

Marisol Mosquera, founder of Aracari, notes that the fires have not spread to Machu Picchu or any other major tourist sites in the Sacred Valley. Fires did occur in higher mountain areas within the Sacred Valley, but they were isolated and did not impact hotels or attractions.

As a result, access to the region remains open for tourists, with tourism activities continuing as usual, according to Mosquera. Visitors can still take treks and visit the area, provided they exercise basic precautions.

Travelers visiting Cusco's traditional tourist circuit can still enjoy their trip without worrying about the ongoing wildfires in the area. However, it's essential to avoid exploring higher areas of the Sacred Valley as they are more prone to smoke and ash.

Air quality in parts of Cusco has been rated "poor" by Accuweather, which means that individuals with sensitive health conditions may experience difficulties. Visitors should be mindful of their exposure to poor air quality and take necessary precautions to minimize risks.

If you start experiencing symptoms such as difficulty breathing or throat irritation, it's advisable to reduce your time spent outside to alleviate the issue. Travelers who are part of sensitive groups can also consult with their travel providers for guidance on navigating the situation.

Local tourism experts emphasize that there is no need to cancel travel plans solely due to the wildfires, provided conditions remain stable. Your hotel concierge or travel specialist can keep you informed about any developments, and local news outlets like El Comercio can provide updates while you're on the ground.

Firefighting efforts have been ongoing for weeks in Peru's Cusco Region, yet multiple fires continue to burn and spread through the area.

Local authorities and volunteer firefighters are actively working to contain the blazes, according to Almario. The local community is also showing its support by donating food and essential supplies to those directly involved in firefighting efforts.

Organizations such as Peru Pendiente are collecting monetary donations for relief efforts, while the Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR) is gathering essential items like clothing, unopened hygiene products, and non-perishables. These collections can be found at designated locations in Lima and Cusco.

Tourism remains a vital part of the local economy, with trips to the region continuing to bring in much-needed revenue that supports thousands of families, small businesses, guides, drivers, artisans, and hospitality providers throughout the Cusco area.

Conde Nast Traveler: https://www.cntraveler.com/story/wildfires-in-perus-cusco-region-what-travelers-should-know-10-13-2026

The study tracks 16 planetary vital signs, which have never been in a more extreme state than they are now. One key indicator is the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which has surged by 50 percent above preindustrial levels due to burning fossil fuels.

This massive increase in CO2 emissions has had far-reaching consequences, including accelerated melting of ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, as well as record-high ocean temperatures. The study's findings are based on data collected since 2010, during which time the planet has experienced a significant warming trend.

This year's El Niño event is expected to be one of the most severe on record.

The potential consequences are far-reaching and alarming, according to experts.

El Niño is a natural phenomenon that occurs when there is an abnormal warming of ocean waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean. However, its impact is now being felt on top of a planet that has already experienced significant warming due to climate change.

As a result, ecosystems such as coral reefs and tropical forests are facing unprecedented pressure. Coral bleaching, which can be triggered by rising sea temperatures, is likely to spread rapidly across the globe. Reefs that have previously survived mass bleaching events are becoming increasingly less resilient, making them more vulnerable to future damage.

Coral reefs are expected to face catastrophic losses if global temperatures continue to rise. At a warming threshold of 5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, it's likely that most coral will be unable to survive.

As scientists assess the current state of the planet, it's clear that the situation is dire and rapidly deteriorating.

The prospect of crossing a 5-degree Celsius warming threshold above pre-industrial levels remains unlikely in the immediate future, but this year's severe El Niño event will bring the world closer to this point.

The Amazon rainforest is particularly vulnerable, with widespread forest degradation possible due to a combination of rising temperatures, droughts, and deforestation.

Despite some positive trends in renewable energy, greenhouse gas emissions continue to reach record highs, underscoring the need for more drastic action to combat climate change.

The report highlights the paradoxical situation where the world is still heavily reliant on fossil fuels despite growing awareness of their devastating impact on the environment.

Efforts to transition to cleaner forms of energy have begun to pay off, but they are not yet sufficient to reverse the overall decline in environmental health.

Wired: https://www.wired.com/story/climate-change-is-getting-worse-el-nino-looms/

According to the annual Forest Declaration Assessment, 7 million hectares of forest were permanently destroyed in 2025. This is roughly equivalent to the size of the Republic of Ireland and represents a 15% decrease from the previous year's deforestation rate.

The reduction in deforestation is considered encouraging, but experts caution that it may be an exception rather than a new trajectory. To meet the goal of ending deforestation by 2030, agreed upon at the COP26 climate talks in 2021, the world would need to see a much more significant decline in forest destruction.

The report was compiled by a coalition of research groups and nongovernmental organizations, including Climate Focus, which is led by co-author Erin Matson.

The report highlights that forest clearance for agricultural or mining activities remains the primary cause of deforestation worldwide.

One region where progress was made is Latin America, where a 33% decline in deforestation occurred last year, marking a significant improvement in what has traditionally been considered the world's most affected area. This drop is attributed to Brazil's efforts to combat deforestation through its action plan and increased enforcement in the Amazon.

The stability of this progress relies heavily on the decisions made by governments in the region, which are susceptible to changes brought about by elections. A notable example is the upcoming runoff presidential election in Brazil between left-wing leader Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, who has pledged to eliminate illegal deforestation by 2030, and right-wing populist Sen. Flavio Bolsonaro.

Brazil's history of deforestation under previous administrations serves as a cautionary tale, particularly that of far-right former President Jair Bolsonaro. Similar concerns exist in neighboring countries Colombia and Peru, where hard-right presidents have recently taken office, potentially threatening the progress made so far in the region.

The devastating impact of deforestation on local communities is a pressing concern for experts like Sam Nguiffo, a lawyer and founder of the Centre for Environment and Development in Cameroon.

According to Nguiffo, logging for timber or felling trees for agriculture or mining dominates forest management practices in Central Africa. This approach has severe consequences for both the environment and local populations.

The loss of forests not only erodes cultural identity but also severely impacts the livelihoods of indigenous communities that rely on these ecosystems for their survival. As Nguiffo pointed out, deforestation leads to reduced space for communities and fuels conflicts over resources.

The current El Niño event, which emerged in June, is expected to peak later this year and poses a significant threat to progress made in reducing deforestation rates. This warming phase of the natural climate cycle includes droughts that create conditions ripe for wildfires.

The ongoing El Niño event has been linked to severe droughts in Indonesia, where widespread forest fires have ravaged the biodiverse regions of Borneo and South Sumatra for months.

According to a recent deforestation report, if projections of the 2026-27 El Niño hold true, drought and fire risks will escalate further across tropical forest areas. This is a concerning prospect, especially considering past events like the "super" El Niño in 2015-2016, which saw a significant spike in tree cover loss.

The report's findings suggest that deforestation rates may not continue to decline as they did last year, casting a shadow over efforts to preserve global forests.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-global-deforestation-surged-congo-basin.html

The unprecedented number of deaths has left scientists racing to determine the cause behind the tragic event, which has far surpassed the previous record set in 2012 when 113 southern right whale calves perished.

Laboratory tests on specimens from this year's deceased whales have revealed that they tested positive for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, a pathogenic bacterium previously identified in these animals in 2013.

Researchers are still trying to understand what might have triggered the sudden and massive die-off of southern right whale calves, despite knowing that the bacterium has been present in this species since 2013.

The urgency of finding an answer is driven by the need to comprehend not only the threat facing this particular species but also its potential impact on the wider ecosystem and human populations.

The first signs of trouble appeared on the beaches of Península Valdés in June, as the breeding season got underway and southern right whales began to arrive. This region in Chubut province, northern Patagonia's coastline, is a crucial habitat for these marine mammals.

Normally, calf mortality rates range from 20% to 30% of a cohort due to various causes, such as infections. However, this year's losses have already exceeded those numbers significantly.

In September, a survey by CESIMAR's Marine Mammal Laboratory counted 409 calves among a total of 1,375 southern right whales. With over 300 deaths recorded so far, the die-off represents an unusually high proportion of these young animals.

The final tally will be released in December by the Southern Right Whale Health Monitoring Program.

Scientists are working to accelerate their research and determine what's behind this year's exceptional mortality rate compared to previous years.

Analyses of samples sent earlier than usual have revealed that the calves died from erysipelas, a bacterial infection affecting the skin.

The bacterium E. rhusiopathiae, responsible for causing erysipelas in whale calves, is not exclusive to marine mammals and can be found in various aquatic environments.

This opportunistic pathogen thrives in a wide range of animals, including fish, crustaceans, birds, and even pigs, which serve as its natural reservoirs.

The growth of gull populations in Patagonia has been linked to increased food availability, thanks to fishing activities and discarded catch. This has led to the emergence of new breeding colonies in the region. However, while the presence of gulls is a regular part of the ecosystem, their attacks on whale calves alone do not explain the recent die-off event.

To investigate the role of gulls in the mortality event, scientists plan to take swabs from the birds to check for E. rhusiopathiae, a bacterium that has been implicated in the deaths. The results could help inform a management strategy for the gull population and potentially shed light on the die-off.

Marine biologist Diego Rodríguez believes that research should focus not just on the dead calves, but also on the broader ecosystem to understand where E. rhusiopathiae is present and how it might be spreading. Rodríguez suggests that cross-infection could be a key factor in the die-off event.

Scientists are still trying to determine what specific factors might have contributed to this year's widespread infection by E. rhusiathiae, which has been present in the ecosystem for some time. It is thought that multiple factors may be at play, rather than a single cause.

Researchers agree that having identified the bacterium as the likely culprit is an important step forward, but they still need to understand what changed this year to trigger such a severe die-off event.

Changes in environmental conditions may be contributing to the mass die-off of whale calves in Patagonia. Researchers suggest that shifts in water temperature, salinity, pH levels, or rainfall could alter the likelihood of infection by the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

Another possibility is that the pathogen itself has changed, either through the emergence of a more virulent strain or a different serotype. This could be influenced by various factors, including changes in food availability and the mothers' body condition, which may make their calves more vulnerable to infection.

The El Niño phenomenon may also play a role in altering oceanographic conditions and food availability, although researchers acknowledge that there is currently insufficient evidence to link it directly to the die-off. Further investigation is needed to determine whether this factor is contributing to the crisis.

Experts are cautious about predicting the long-term impact of this die-off on the southern right whale population. Losing such a large proportion of a season's calves could have significant demographic consequences, potentially leading to a reduced number of adults in future populations.

However, some researchers argue that a single season of exceptionally high mortality does not necessarily mean the overall population will decline. Southern right whales are known for their long lifespan, and calves represent only a small fraction of the total population.

The die-off also raises concerns about public health, as the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae can infect humans through skin wounds or contact with infected animals or contaminated seawater.

The mysterious deaths of hundreds of whale calves in Patagonia have sparked an urgent investigation by scientists. Preliminary findings suggest that a bacterial infection may be responsible for the die-off, although further research is needed to confirm this theory.

The bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, which can infect humans through skin wounds or contact with infected animals or contaminated seawater, has raised public health concerns in addition to its potential link to the whale calf deaths.

Live Science: https://www.livescience.com/animals/whales/hundreds-of-whale-calves-have-mysteriously-died-in-patagonia-and-scientists-are-racing-to-find-out-why

The animals, including three mothers with infants and two adolescent males, were moved into Batu Nyambu protected forest in West Kalimantan province on October 8. This is according to Heribertus Suciadi, a spokesperson for the Indonesian Nature Rehabilitation Initiative Foundation, or YIARI.

Large swaths of their habitat had been destroyed by fires between August and September, forcing the orangutans into areas inhabited by people in search of food and shelter. The wildfires also cut off vital habitat corridors and reduced access to food sources.

The rescued animals were found to be suffering from malnutrition and dehydration, but did not have any life-threatening injuries such as burns or broken bones. They had been living in small forest patches surrounded by plantations before being evacuated due to expanding fires and heavy smoke.

A female orangutan known as Mama Man and her infant, Man, were among those rescued after being monitored for months in a small forest patch.

Eight orangutans were relocated to a protected forest after being rescued from wildfires in Indonesia. In addition to Mama Man and her infant, two other mother-and-infant pairs and two juvenile males were also found in similar conditions near villages in Ketapang and North Kayong.

The rescued orangutans underwent thorough veterinary examinations and observation at a rehabilitation center operated by YIARI before being deemed fit for release back into the wild. The chosen release site in Batu Nyambu was selected due to its relatively intact state, despite wildfires in the area, providing a suitable environment with abundant food sources, water, nesting trees, and connections to neighboring forests.

According to Argitoe Ranting, YIARI Operational Director, the goal is not just to relocate orangutans but to ensure they have a genuine chance of survival in their natural habitat. He emphasized that protected forests capable of receiving displaced orangutans are becoming increasingly scarce due to widespread fires.

The severe forest and land fires in Indonesia this year have been exacerbated by El Niño's intensification of the dry season, as well as land clearances using fire in Borneo and Sumatra island regions. Water shortages have also hindered Indonesian firefighters, who have received support from Japan in their efforts to combat the blazes.

The devastating impact of Indonesia's wildfires has taken a toll on its orangutan population, with many forced to flee their habitats in search of safety.

A total of 46 orangutans have been rescued by YIARI, an organization that works to protect and conserve the great apes. These animals were relocated to a protected forest, providing them with a safer environment in which to live. This move was deemed necessary after their original habitat became uninhabitable due to the wildfires.

The relocation effort is part of a broader rescue operation that has seen over 270 wild animals saved from the brink of disaster. Despite these efforts, some orangutans have not been so fortunate, with at least one individual succumbing to injuries sustained during the wildfires.

ABC News International: https://abcnews.com/International/wireStory/indonesia-relocates-8-orangutans-protected-forest-after-rescue-137218880

Upon arrival at the hospital, medical staff took Asho to the stabilization center, where she was diagnosed with edema, a symptom of severe acute malnutrition. The condition is characterized by swelling in the body and can be life-threatening if left untreated. Halima's concern for her daughter's health was evident as she held Asho on her lap, wrapped in a purple cloth.

The hospital staff examined Asho's feet and lower legs, assessing the severity of her condition. Medical treatment became necessary to prevent further complications and potential death. The case of Asho Hassan Abdi serves as a stark reminder of the dire situation facing Somalia's children.

According to an analysis by the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, nearly 1.92 million Somali children between the ages of 6 months and almost 5 years old are at risk of or are already suffering from acute malnutrition. This includes over 433,000 children expected to suffer severe acute malnutrition, which poses a significant threat to their lives.

The crisis of child malnutrition in Somalia is particularly acute in the southern regions, where communities are grappling with disease outbreaks, food insecurity, and limited access to essential services such as healthcare, clean water, and sanitation.

In this region, hospitals like the one that treated Asho's daughter are overwhelmed by cases of severe acute malnutrition. In August alone, 152 children were admitted to this hospital with severe acute malnutrition, resulting in four tragic deaths. The scale of this problem is a stark reminder of the desperate need for increased support and resources.

The humanitarian situation in Somalia is further complicated by the prospect of flooding associated with El Niño, which could displace even more families and exacerbate existing challenges. With limited access to basic services already a major concern, any displacement would only worsen the crisis.

Humanitarian organizations are struggling to respond effectively due to dwindling resources, despite growing needs. The World Food Program has reported that it can only provide limited assistance, highlighting the broader issue of declining humanitarian funding worldwide. This is weakening efforts to combat hunger, disease, and poverty globally.

In the sprawling settlement of Luglow on the outskirts of Kismayo, a port city in southern Somalia, the effects of displacement and reduced assistance are starkly evident. The makeshift shelters, constructed from bent branches and patched plastic sheeting, stand out against the red earth, while dirty water pools in ruts between them.

At the nutrition center within the settlement, mothers sit on mats with young children in their laps, a poignant scene that underscores the gravity of the situation. UNICEF delegates visit this center to speak with the families and assess the needs of these vulnerable individuals.

Ali Adan Ali, Jubbaland's commissioner for refugees and internally displaced people, has pointed out that many displaced families have not received humanitarian assistance since 2023 due to a lack of funding among aid organizations. This has created a dire situation for IDPs in Jubbaland, with the risk of further displacement looming large.

Flooding along the Juba River could soon force people living on its banks to move towards Kismayo, placing additional pressure on settlements, nutrition centers, and hospitals in the area. To address this crisis, Sweden's ambassador to Somalia has emphasized the need for agencies to work more closely with local communities as funding becomes increasingly constrained.

The crisis in Somalia is characterized by a severe lack of funding, making it essential for aid agencies to work more efficiently with local communities.

Halima's journey highlights the devastating consequences of child malnutrition in Somalia, where poverty and distance can separate families from specialized care, putting lives at risk. The health system in the country is already strained due to growing needs and dwindling international assistance.

To build resilience and effectively address this crisis, aid agencies must work smarter with local communities, leveraging their expertise and resources to make every dollar count.

ABC News Health: https://abcnews.com/Health/wireStory/mothers-3-day-walk-sick-daughter-highlights-somalias-137185690

The impact of the storm was already evident on Friday, with powerful waves slamming into coastal communities, including Long Beach. The high tide exacerbated the situation, causing significant damage to homes and infrastructure in the area. Several sections of the boardwalk crumbled under the pounding waves, leaving a trail of destruction behind.

Local authorities had taken steps to prepare for the storm, distributing sandbags to residents in vulnerable areas earlier in the week. However, the full extent of the damage is yet to be seen as the storm system continues to intensify and move closer to landfall.

Residents along the coast are bracing themselves for further potential damage from strong winds and heavy rains, which could cause coastal flooding and exacerbate existing conditions.

As Tropical Storm Rachel continues its path along the California coast, residents are bracing themselves for further potential damage from strong winds and heavy rains.

The storm's effects will be most pronounced around Sunday morning, when flooding is expected to peak according to Carol Ciliberti, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service in Southern California.

A tropical storm watch has been issued for all of San Diego County, which borders Mexico, marking only the second time such a warning has been given for the state.

The system's maximum sustained winds are currently near 45 miles per hour, with higher gusts expected to cause further disruption and damage.

This year's Pacific hurricane season has seen an unusually active pattern, fueled by the recurring El Niño phenomenon.

The El Niño phenomenon continues to intensify, with U.S. climate prediction scientists now predicting an 83% likelihood that it will reach strong to very strong levels into the winter.

This development is particularly concerning for California, which is already experiencing a heightened flood risk due to a massive surge of water on the West Coast known as a Kelvin wave.

The Kelvin wave is a slow-moving phenomenon that can raise sea levels by up to a foot, exacerbating the threat posed by El Niño and creating higher seas along the coast.

As a result, the combination of these factors has created a very dangerous situation for the West Coast.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-powerful-lash-california-coast-storm.html

The NHC reported that Isaias rapidly lost strength over Alabama as it transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone, indicating a significant drop in its intensity. This change is expected to continue as the storm moves across the Tennessee and Ohio valleys. The NHC warned of gradual weakening as the cyclone traverses these regions.

Isaias made landfall near Destin, Florida, prompting authorities to issue warnings about life-threatening storm surges along the Gulf Coast. The storm's arrival brought hurricane conditions and flash flooding inland, posing a significant threat to communities in its path. Mandatory evacuations were ordered in coastal areas as businesses closed due to the severe weather.

Coastal residents faced intense winds that ripped off roofs from homes and businesses, leaving many without power. An AFP reporter in Pensacola described the scene as "howling with strong gusts snapping tree branches. The storm's arrival marked a significant event for the Atlantic hurricane season, which began in June and is being influenced by an El Niño phenomenon.

The historic El Niño weather pattern has typically led to more major storms in the Pacific, but its effects on this year's Atlantic hurricane season have been less pronounced. Isaias is the first hurricane of the season, and its arrival underscores the ongoing threat posed by severe weather events.

The storm's intense winds have left residents in a state of anxiety, with many struggling to cope with the power outages that have affected thousands of households. Jonathan Ramos, a government employee staying at a hotel in Pensacola, described the situation as intense" and "scary, citing the unprecedented speed of the wind.

The power outage has left more than 300,000 customers in Florida without electricity, while over 200,000 in Alabama are also affected. The outages have been exacerbated by the suspension of water services to buildings, leaving residents without access to basic amenities.

In preparation for the storm's impact, repair trucks had been dispatched to staging areas in Pensacola and Navarre earlier on Friday. These vehicles were poised to respond quickly to power outages as soon as the storm hit.

The storm's rapid intensification has been attributed to record-warm Gulf waters, which have been exacerbated by climate change. This phenomenon has contributed to Isaias becoming a hurricane, marking it as the first of its kind to strike the U.S. mainland since 2024.

Florida Governor Ron DeSantis had earlier assured residents that his administration was well-prepared to respond to the storm's aftermath. He stated that we've got a massive amount of supplies and personnel ready to respond once the storm hits".

The storm surge is expected to combine with high tides, flooding normally dry areas along the Alabama-Florida border. Water levels could reach as high as 9 feet in some regions, while heavy rainfall may trigger flash flooding and cause rivers to overflow their banks.

The arrival of Hurricane Isaias in Florida has been met with disruptions at two airports in northwestern Florida, which have suspended operations due to the severe weather conditions.

Isaias' late appearance this season can be attributed to an unusually strong El Niño phenomenon. This warming of the ocean water near the equator is causing a significant shift in atmospheric patterns, resulting in strong vertical wind shear over the Atlantic Ocean.

This intense wind shear has a tendency to break apart storms, making it challenging for them to develop and sustain themselves. The strength of the El Niño event this year is particularly noteworthy, with some experts describing it as historic.

The impact of El Niño on storm formation is not uniform across the globe. In the Pacific Ocean, the opposite effect occurs, where the strong El Niño event actually weakens wind shear, allowing storms to intensify and reach extreme levels.

This season has already seen several powerful hurricanes form in the Pacific, some of which have reached maximum Category 5 strength. The record-breaking sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico are also being attributed to climate change caused by fossil fuel emissions.

These warm waters have provided an ideal environment for Isaias to develop into a major hurricane, with experts pointing out that the storm formed over areas where the ocean temperature was 600 times more likely to be at such high levels due to human-induced climate change.

The storm surge associated with Isaias will be exacerbated by climate change, which has caused sea levels to rise by approximately 6.5 inches (16.5 centimeters) in this area.

This increased water level provides a higher base for the storm surge to act upon, making its impact even more severe. The warming of the oceans and atmosphere is also contributing to the heavy rainfall associated with Isaias, as it allows hurricanes to carry more moisture.

The disruption caused by Isaias extends beyond the storm's immediate effects, with oil and gas production in the Gulf of Mexico significantly impacted.

Phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2026-10-isaias-downgraded-tropical-cyclone-landfall.html

The blazes have left many apes struggling to find food and shelter, prompting rescuers to evacuate those found injured or stranded amidst the thick haze. In recent months, dozens of orangutans have been rescued from wildfires in Sumatra and Borneo. One such rescue was that of a female Bornean orangutan nicknamed Novita.

Novita was found clinging to a nearly leafless tree in the Katune forest in Central Kalimantan province, surrounded by dense smoke and scorched landscape. According to Jamartin Sihite, chairman of the Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation, Novita's palms and soles showed signs of burns sustained when she crossed a burned area.

Sihite said that Novita was estimated to be 3 to 4 years old and had likely suffered her injuries while trying to reach a tree. She was tranquilized, given oxygen and intravenous fluids before being taken to the rehabilitation center in Nyaru Menteng for treatment.

Once Novita's burns have healed, she will undergo evaluation to determine if she can climb and survive in her natural environment. According to Sihite, previous experience has shown that orangutans missing fingers can still thrive in the wild, offering hope for Novita's eventual return to her forest home.

The prolonged dry season exacerbated by El Niño has led to a severe intensification of forest and land fires across Indonesia this year. The blazes are not limited to the Indonesian part of Borneo but have also spread to some regions on Sumatra island, where water shortages have hindered firefighting efforts.

A tragic incident was reported in West Kalimantan's Ketapang district, an area affected by wildfires, where a male orangutan named Sampurna was found struggling to breathe on a palm oil plantation. Residents discovered the 20-year-old primate early last month and attempted to rescue him, but unfortunately, he succumbed to his injuries just hours later.

Despite these challenges, Indonesian authorities have reported some positive developments in their efforts to mitigate the crisis. As of Saturday, more than 270 wild animals in Kalimantan had been rescued, rehabilitated or guided to safer habitats.

Government data reveals that an alarming amount of land has been scorched by wildfires between January and July, with over 202,000 hectares (499,000 acres) burned. The Nusantara Atlas project, which monitors fires using satellite imagery, estimates that nearly 896,000 hectares (2.2 million acres) had burned by the end of August.

The devastating impact of forest and peatland fires on wildlife is a pressing concern for Indonesian authorities. The recent discovery of injured orangutans in Central Kalimantan highlights the urgent need for effective fire prevention measures.

Wildfires not only pose a threat to human lives but also have severe consequences for local ecosystems, said Andi Muhammad Kadhafi, head of the Central Kalimantan's Natural Resources Conservation Agency. He emphasized that a comprehensive approach is required, combining fire prevention with habitat protection and rapid response mechanisms.

ABC News International: https://abcnews.com/International/wireStory/wildfires-threaten-indonesias-orangutans-rescuers-find-injured-animals-137155487

The city of Manaus has been affected by heavy smoke from fires in surrounding municipalities and neighboring states, with air quality reaching unhealthy levels. The concentration of pollutants in the air averaged 196 micrograms per cubic meter, far exceeding the normal range of 3 to 9 micrograms per cubic meter.

Public school classes were canceled due to the poor air quality, and residents are being advised to wear face masks when outdoors. Municipal administrative offices have also suspended in-person work, citing the deteriorating air quality as a health concern.

Satellite data from both state and federal authorities shows clusters of fire hotspots near Manaus and in southern Amazonas state, with some fires also detected near the city of Santarem in neighboring Para state.

The dry season has brought a significant increase in fire hotspots across the Brazilian Amazon, with nearly 50% more recorded this year compared to the same period in 2025. However, the current number of hotspots is still about 53% lower than the historical average.

Fire activity has shifted southwards since June, initially concentrated in Roraima and Amapa states but now increasing near Manaus and around Santarem in Para state. This shift in fire patterns could have significant implications for local communities and the environment.

Climate experts warn that El Niño's effects on the region may be more severe in 2027, potentially disrupting the rainforest's next rainy season. This phenomenon has been linked to increased temperatures and drought in the Amazon, setting the stage for devastating wildfires.

The threat of drought, heat, and fires is prompting officials to urge preparations for the developing El Niño climate pattern. In recent years, El Niño events have led to severe drought and record-breaking wildfires in the Amazon, with temperatures rising 2 to 4 Celsius above historical averages during the 2023 and 2024 events.

The Amazon rainforest is a critical component in regulating global climate patterns, storing massive amounts of carbon dioxide and producing atmospheric moisture that affects weather conditions worldwide.

Brazil's Environment Ministry has taken action to combat wildfires in Amazonas state, deploying fire crews and aircraft to help extinguish the blazes. The ministry has also notified landowners of rural properties to take measures to prevent and fight wildfires, with on-the-ground inspections being stepped up to curb new fires and investigate the use of fire for illicit purposes.

The efforts by Brazil's Environment Ministry are a crucial step in mitigating the impact of wildfires in Amazonas state, which is already experiencing severe drought and record-breaking temperatures due to recent El Niño events.

ABC News International: https://abcnews.com/International/wireStory/wildfires-brazils-amazonas-state-worsen-air-quality-manaus-137144994

The storm's trajectory is expected to take it over warm waters in the region, which will likely provide the necessary fuel for it to intensify into a hurricane. Forecasts suggest that Isaias could reach peak strength as a Category 2 storm, with winds gusting up to 110 miles per hour.

In preparation for the potential impact of the storm, the National Hurricane Center has issued hurricane watches for parts of Mississippi, Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. Residents in these areas can expect significant rainfall totals, with some regions potentially seeing as much as 10 inches of rain.

The storm's landfall is expected to bring additional hazards, including storm surges that could reach as high as 7 feet in some areas. The full extent of Isaias' impact will become clearer in the coming hours and days, but for now, one thing is certain: this storm has the potential to cause significant disruption along the Gulf Coast.

The Atlantic basin has been unusually quiet so far this hurricane season, with El Niño playing a major role in suppressing tropical cyclone activity.

Tornadoes are not ruled out as Isaias continues to intensify, making it a storm that warrants serious attention.

The potential for record-breaking formation dates is also being considered, with Isaias poised to become one of the latest first Atlantic hurricanes on record.

Currently, the earliest recorded hurricane in the Atlantic formed on October 8, 1905. However, Isaias's trajectory may still change before its next update on Wednesday, potentially keeping it from tying this mark.

This development is notable given the below-average forecast for the Atlantic hurricane season, which has been influenced by El Niño conditions and high ocean temperatures in the tropical Pacific.

The Atlantic hurricane season has been marked by below-average activity so far, despite forecasts suggesting otherwise. This is evident when comparing the number of storms to previous years, where an average of 14 named storms, seven hurricanes, and three major hurricanes have occurred annually.

Data from the National Hurricane Center shows that this year's count stands at eight tropical storms, with one already upgraded to hurricane status. A key metric for measuring storm activity is accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), which takes into account both the number and intensity of storms as well as their duration.

According to Colorado State University data, the ACE index currently sits at around 8 units, significantly lower than the average nearly 102 units typically seen by this time of year. This shortfall is largely due to a lack of sustained activity from mid-August through late September, when most energy usually accumulates.

The continued intensification of El Niño conditions and the season's peak having passed suggest that any further storm development is unlikely in the coming weeks.

Wired: https://www.wired.com/story/tropical-storm-isaias-first-atlantic-hurricane-2026/